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TERRORISM
AND NIGERIA'S EXTERNAL IMAGE UNDER GOODLUCK JONATHAN’S ADMINISTRATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
According to
Adebajo, (2014) the administration of ex-President Goodluck Jonathan can at
present be described as underperforming, and evaluation of its performance
shows in quite a lot of sectors. This also could be described as unfortunate
for a government which came to power on the back of popular aid, then had less
public goodwill in its early years (Adebajo, 2014). In the same vein,
Chinwokwu, (2013) asserted that Nigeria has certainly been confronted with
internal security disorders corresponding to acts of terrorism which has widely
affected its foreign relations coverage in the past government. Based on
Adebajo statement in 2014, Alabi, had already brought to light in 2012 by
saying that the influence of domestic events on the foreign policy of a country
cannot be over emphasized; this is on the ground that inner traits can steadily
metamorphose into disorders of worldwide concerns. Again, Chinwokwu opined that
terrorism certainly has impaired Nigeria’s image there by undermining its
impact in the international scene (Chinwokwu, 2013).
To support
Chinwokwu statement, Tsokwa in 2012 maintained that the emergence of terrorism
in Nigeria owing to the upward thrust of Islamic fundamentalism in Northern
Nigeria has broadly undermined the nation’s foreign coverage power. Boko Haram
hobbies in Nigeria have led to terrible reactions from corporations and
international positions have been littered with its events, thereby leads to
deterioration of international relations (Tsokwa, 2012). In addition, terrorist
acts in Nigeria using Boko Haram and others according to Madu, (2014) generated
a lot of interest of the world community raising questions about effective approach
on how presidency could attack the issue, which envisages that the audacity
persevered no tirelessly effort among the trouble group as this allow daily
victim, and expanded an alarming rate after each assault to most people in
which they lose confidence. Madu, further stated that the attacks on the United
Nation’s building at Abuja in 2011 resulted in undue stress on the world group
and Nigeria wanting to end the insurgency that began as a problem (domestic
violence) which appearance showed more during Goodluck Jonathan government. The
foregoing has grown to be necessary because of internationalization of the
conflict, Boko Haram was indoctrinated in a takfiri in 2009 (Madu (2014) and
it’s linked following the international terrorist Al -Qaeda businesses in
Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).
To shed more
light, Alabi, (2012) opined that terrorism is not only a Nigerian drawback; it
is a world obstacle. Neither is it a solely Islamic crisis. Extremists are to
be found in all religions. The crucial study is that, the increasing salience
of Islamist terror could also be defined by the special experiences of
Arab-Muslim societies and how faith has customarily been deployed as a weapon
of political struggle. Globalisation and the applied sciences related to the
growing internationalization, facilitated the potential of terror groups to
mobilise community and put into affecting their projects throughout countries
and communities (Alabi, 2012). Curiously enough, Tomis, (2011) maintained that
no one has ever been known to describe himself or herself as a terrorist.
Terrorism might probably even be a term of abuse (Tomis, 2011).
Correspondingly, Bamgbose, (2013) brought to light that a principal challenge
in seeking fully grasp terrorism is the fact that views range, depending on
where the country stands on a certain trouble.
For example, both Ronald Reagan in America and top Minister Margaret
Thatcher in Britain brushed aside the imprisoned Nelson Mandela and his
colleagues as “terrorists”. To their possess persons and to most Africans,
however, they were ‘freedom combatants’; heroes of an ancient wrestle for
liberation against Apartheid and racial humiliation (Bamgbose, 2013).
More so, the
African Union (AU) conference on Prevention and Combating Terrorism (A.U.C.P.C,
2012) defines terrorism as “any act which is a violation of the criminal law
that can endanger the existence, bodily integrity or freedom of, or rationale
critical injury or loss of life, factors may motive harm to public or exclusive
property, natural resources, environmental or cultural heritage and is
calculated or intended to: intimidate, put in fear, coerce or induce government
image and create public emergency; or create general insurrection in a State
(A.U.C.P.C. (2012).
However,
Madu (2014) argued that in an era of terror in the face of terrorism, the
Nigerian state is structured as an area of security for the population. The
Presidency, lawmakers and security agencies openly condemns terrorist attacks
as illegitimate action used by non-state actors. Consequently, the Nigerian
government, the National Assembly (NASS) undertook a statute to criminalize
terrorism through the Act (Establishment) Economic and Financial Crimes
Commission in 2002 (Madu, 2014). On the other hand, the inchoate nature of the provisions
to fight against terrorism led to the exploration of a more comprehensive legal
framework, and in turn to the presentation of terrorism prevention Bill to the
Senate in 2006 (Oghogho, (2011). Five years later, the 2011 Terrorism
Prevention Act was passed by the Senate and the House on June 1, 2011 and June
2, 2011, he was sent by the Clerk of the National Assembly to the President
Goodluck Jonathan to sign the law.
As a result
of the severity of insurgency in Nigeria most especially during Goodluck
Jonathan regime happens not to be new, in that Olalekan, (2012) argued that
terrorism took a different dimensions since 2009 when internal terrorism in
Nigeria moved from ethnic militancy to suicide bombing, a situation that has
claimed over 3,000 lives, led to the declaration of state of emergency in five
northern states, and the sack of the Defence
Minister, Police Chief
and National Security
Adviser (Olalekan, 2012). According
to the United
States Department’s Global Report on Terrorism, Nigeria ranked 2nd with
593 deaths in 2011 from terrorist killings on the African continent, second to
only the failed state of Somalia. On the global level, Nigeria was placed 5th
in the ranking of casualties (Country Report on Terrorism, 2010).
Nigeria is no
stranger to terrorism, having experienced the activities of the extremist sect
Maitatsine movement that became violent in the early 1980s under the first
democratically elected civilian government of Alhaji Shehu Shagari. Yan Tatsine
(followers of Maitatsine) was actually a quasi-Muslim fringe group who preached
Islamic doctrines that were contrary to the teachings of the Islamic leadership
and orthodox society. Muhammadu Marwa Maitatsine, the leader of the sect, was a
Muslim scholar Marwa city in northern Cameroon who migrated to Kano in Nigeria
(Danjibo, 2000). The ideology of Maitatsine sect appealed to poverty - stricken
young people seeking the opportunity to confront the conservative governments
of domination and traditional Islamic state. Directive by the Federal
Government to the police force to crush the movement, which had large
followership of unemployed young people, has led to clashes with the police in
Kano. Encouraged by the ‘defeat’ of the police, the sect marched in Kano city
chanting “Yau zamu sha jinni”, meaning “today we shall drink blood” in Hausa.
Historically,
Bamgbose, (2013) maintained that no terrorist group has ever been created in a
vacuum; there are political dynamics, contexts, social, economic, temporal,
spatial, and even religious-which must be taken into account. Thus, a
considerable amount of emphasis on the identification of the range of
environmental conditions and grievances of members of the local population
facilitated the possibilities of domestic terrorism in Nigeria to gather
support and orchestrate acts of political violence. Similarly, Alabi, (2012)
opined that Nigeria's government has struggled to effectively deal with these
complaints and sources of tension across the country, and there is a widespread
belief especially among Nigerians North that the government continues to meet
the critical needs those who aspire to a better future. Although Tomis, (2011)
asserted that resources are certainly limited, it is the inequitable
distribution of resources, and widely recognized levels of corruption of
elites, which undermine the effectiveness of the government. In turn,
favoritism and corruption feeds a general perception that government officials
(to include the application of the law) cannot be trusted, and this further
undermines the government's ability to influence the behavior of members of
local communities in positive directions, away from the appeal of the radical
extremist ideologies such as Boko Haram (Tomis, 2011).
On the other
hand, as stated by Oghogho, (2011) Nigeria, a key strategic ally of the U.S.,
has come under attack by a radical Islamic sect known as Boko Haram (a Hausa
term for “Western education is forbidden”). Oghogho, maintained that it
officially calls itself “Jama’atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda’wati wal Jihad” which
means “people committed to the propagation of the Prophet’s teachings and
jihad.” As its name suggests, the group is adamantly opposed to what it sees as
a Western-based incursion that threatens traditional values, beliefs, and
customs among Muslim communities in northern Nigeria (Oghogh, 2011). Similarly,
Laolu, (2013) opined that in an audiotape posted on the Internet in January
2012, a spokesman for the group, Abubakar Shekau, even accused the U.S. of
waging war on Islam, the group is largely a product of widespread socioeconomic
and religious insecurities, and its ideology resonates among certain
communities because of both historical narratives and modern grievances
(Members of Boko Haram are drawn primarily from the Kanuri tribe roughly 4
percent of the population), who are concentrated in the northeastern states of
Nigeria like Bauchi and Borno, and the Hausa and Fulani (29 percent of the
population) spread more generally throughout most of the northern states.
Balogun, (2014) disclosed that since 2009, the group has attacked police
stations and patrols, politicians (including village chiefs and a member of
parliament), religious leaders (both Christian and Muslim), and individuals
whom they deem to be engaged in un-Islamic activities, like drinking beer. Boko
Haram has also carried out several mass casualty attacks and is the first
militant group in Nigeria to embrace the use of suicide bombings (Balogun,
2014).
Hence, the
study realize terrorism to mean all varieties of violent motion by clandestine
and semi-clandestine actors aimed at attaining criminal, army, religious,
political or different objectives, with such movements always directed at
executive and non-combatant populations with the deliberate objective of
spreading worry, anxiety and terror.
1.2 Statement of the problem
However,
Muyiwa, (2013) opined that Boko Haram expanded its terrorist attacks in Nigeria
to include international targets, such as the United Nations (UN) building in
Abuja in August 2011. The group also made significant leaps in its operational
capability, and there are indications that members of the group have received
weapons and training in bomb-making and other terrorist tactics from al-Qaeda
affiliates in the north and/or east of the continent (Muyiwa, 2013).
According to the
United States Department’s Global
Report on Terrorism, Nigeria ranked 2nd with 593 deaths in 2011 from terrorist
killings on the African continent, second to only the failed state of Somalia.
On the global level, Nigeria was placed 5th in the ranking of casualties
(Country Report on Terrorism, 2010). Domestic terrorism has a long history in
Nigeria. Both south and north of the country have experienced acts of
terrorism. Some groups that pose the greatest security challenge in Nigeria
include Niger Delta Avengers, Militant, Boko Haram and others. These groups
have adopted strategies that included arson, kidnapping, extrajudicial
killings, looting, illegal detention, disappearances, and at worst, a suicide
bombing. Although some of these groups receive substantial support from the
local population, the fact is that sometimes their tactics of terrorism and
poses a particular challenge for the Nigerian military. Since the return to
civilian rule, Nigeria has been plagued with a series of violent agitations of
various geo-political zones of the country. These violent agitations that took
terrorist dimensions contributed to the threat of national security which is
capable of disintegrating the country. Terrorist attacks have led to the
killing of hundreds of people and the wanton destruction of property worth
billions of naira by bombing.
The
strategic implication of these acts of terrorism on the national security of
Nigeria is the thrust of this study, while the literature abound on the
terrorism "the terms" national security and more research is needed
to elucidate the link between terrorism and national security in Nigeria.
Outright confrontation with police and military officers, violent attacks
against the population, vandalizing a pipeline bombing of the installation of
the oil, the armed resistance against the agents of the Nigerian state and
transnational oil companies operating in the region, kidnappings and hostage
taking have serious strategic implications for Nigeria in the international
community. Since the activities of these terrorist groups, particularly since
1999, have not only been a major threat to the security of the nation, but also
make the country one of the most dangerous places to live in the world. The
activities of this sect are able to disintegrate the country. Thus, the need to
find a lasting solution to the grievance of these groups is paramount.
Furthermore,
Ajibola, (2014) asserted that helping Nigeria confront this complex,
multifaceted terrorist threat is in the interests of the U.S. and the
international community. In early 2012, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan
declared a state of emergency in four states—Yobe, Borno, Plateau, and Niger—in
concert with the deployment of armed forces, the temporary closing of
international borders in the northern regions, and the establishment of a
special counterterrorism force (Ajibola, 2014). In addition, Balogun, (2014)
opined that the above was done should in case the country’s latest efforts to
confront and defeat Boko Haram fail, in that the terrorist violence could worsen,
undermining an already fragile regime and possibly spilling over into
neighboring countries. As the region’s largest oil supplier, the global
economic impact of a prolonged campaign of terrorism could be severe. The human
toll of the terrorist violence is also reaching very worrisome levels; several
hundred Nigerians were killed or injured in Boko Haram attacks in just the
first two months of 2012 (Balogun, 2014).
1.3 Objective of the study
The general objective of this study
is to examine terrorism and Nigeria’s external image under Goodluck Jonathan’s
administration.
The specific
objectives are:
To determine
the factors that influenced terrorism during Goodluck Jonathan's
administration.
To determine
effects of terrorism on Nigeria’s foreign relations under President Goodluck
Jonathan administration.
To describe
the nature and dynamics in Nigeria’s image crisis under President Goodluck
Jonathan administration
To find out
if there were challenges in implementing policies against terrorism under
Goodluck Jonathan's administration.
1.4 Research questions
What factors
influenced terrorism in Nigeria during Goodluck Jonathan's administration?
Did
terrorism affect Nigeria’s foreign relations under President Goodluck Jonathan
administration?
What was the
nature and dynamics in Nigeria’s image crisis under President Goodluck Jonathan
administration?
What were
the challenges in implementing policies against terrorism under Goodluck
Jonathan's administration?
1.5 Significance of the study
The problem
of terrorism and its implications for national security in Nigeria is at the
heart of this research. It analyzes the implications of terrorism for Nigeria
in the international community. It is on this basis that this study is
important for some reason. First, the study is of paramount importance for
policy makers and citizens for it traces the historical development of domestic
terrorism in Nigeria, focusing on how corruption, ethno-political control of
resources , poor governance, poverty, beatings and blows against etc have all
added to the rise of terrorism in Nigeria. Second, the importance of Nigeria as
a global energy source inevitably led to a strong international presence in the
country; especially the US, China and Great Britain that depend on Nigeria for
much of their oil imports have important political and economic presence. It is
no coincidence that these countries in particular have played a key role in the
fight against terrorism policies in Nigeria and in the training of their
military for specific functions of the fight against terrorism. Thus, the
international stakeholder participation in terrorism in Nigeria becomes
critical for this study because it has raised more questions about that
counter-terrorism policies are adapted to, for what purpose. In essence, the
research will provoke more questions about domestic terrorism in Nigeria. Third,
this research will help to provide information on the terrorism in Nigeria, and
what it holds for other countries facing the challenges of terrorism. With
amnesties and fruitful dialogue that took place in the Niger Delta with the
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) and the recent
announcement of ceasefire by the terrorist group Boko Haram, it means that
domestic terrorism could be won by the government through peaceful means
dialogue. Fourth, it is useful to researchers' particular political historians,
dogmatic scientists, economists and international relations professionals who
conduct research in related fields. Finally, the political class will learn
through this study, the need for them to be patriotic and it is
hoped that this
study will contribute
to the future
work on resolving Nigerian
conflict by putting
forth a new
perspective based on
using a holistic perspective
1.6 Scope/Limitations of the study
This study
is on terrorism and Nigeria’s external image under Goodluck Jonathan’s
administration
1.7 Limitations of the Study
In the
production of such a work like this, the problem of the researcher is not the
scarcity of materials, but its availability including some bias in their presentation.
This research is contemporary and politically sensitive. The researcher is thus
faced with the problem of interpreting the actions of terrorist groups and
anti-terrorist approach of the Nigerian government that some of the policies
undertaken are still an ongoing process. Finally, there is the question of time
and money that could be a barrier to this research. Nevertheless, these
limiting factors were significantly managed to make the study more objective in
its presentation.
1.8 Definition of terms
Administration:
Is Goodluck Jonathan’s managements of public affairs; government properties,
supervision of projects and organization of persons during his tenure. .
Terrorism: Is the unofficial or unauthorized use of
violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims as well as illegal
use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a
government as well as the population civil, or part thereof, in furtherance of
political or social objectives.
External
image: is other people’s view of a particular thing, it could be is an
occurrence like terrorism that depicts visual perception
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