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KIDNAPPING
IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
There is no
doubt that kidnapping in Nigeria is in part, a syndrome from many parts of the
world- Iraq, the Philippines, Afghanistan, India, Russia, Palestinian
Territory, Mexico, Nepal and American (Abati, 2009). Episodes of ransom
kidnapping in the annals of American history include the case of four year old
Charlie Ross in 1874 (Cyntrax, Wilson and Wilson as cited in Ugwuoke, 2010
:197) and Lindbergh case in 1932 ( Allison, 2000: 110). In the Lindbergh’s
case, Lindbergh’s child was the centre of a plot, the suffering of the child’s
parents, and the difficulties of the police enquiry, were exacerbated by widespread
speculation, misinformation and serial random notes (Alexander and Klein 2009:
16). Alexander and Klein further noted that in the 17th century, children were
stolen from their families and exported to North American colonies as servants
and labourers, hence, ‘kid’ meaning ‘child’ and ‘nap’ or ‘nab’ meaning ‘to
snatch’. Kidnapping was therefore connected to the staling of children but the
word has come to be used interchangeably with both children and adults.
Nevertheless, past account of kidnapping revealed that death penalty was
ordered as a punishment for kidnapping in ancient Rome when the Emperor
Constantine (AD 315) became so alarmed by the incidence of the crime (Akpan,
2010: 33).
However, the
early African societies were marked with the incidence of slave trade. In this
vein, Ugwu (2010 : 2)., asserted that the weak and the poor were captured and
sold into slavery. Ugwulebo (2011: 26) noted that during the colonial era, the
colonialists came to some parts of the world, such as Africa, took their able
bodied men and women and sold them to far away nations who needed human labour
for their plantation and other services. (Onimode as cited in Ugwulebo, 2011:
26-27) had noted that gun powder, gin, mm and other materials were offered by
the Europeans to the Africans in exchange for slaves shipped annually from
ports in Nigeria. Therefore, slavery and kidnapping were like two sides of a
coin.
In the early
traditional Nigeria society, human sacrifice perpetuated kidnapping. Ugwuoke
(2010: 197) rightly asserts that individuals were kidnapped for ritual or
social reasons. The African traditional worshipers solely believed in
sacrificing to appease the gods. The sacrifice may transcend animal sacrifice,
and the priest could be inspired by the gods to order for human beings; to
accomplish this kind of sacrifice, the required person could be kidnapped and
killed in a sacrificial procedure. Ugwuoke explained that kidnapping was mainly
for the purpose of sacrifice either to appease the gods or for the burial of a
prominent chief or warrior. Precisely, to carry out a successful burial of
important citizen like chiefs and prominent warriors required human head.
Hence, warriors engaged themselves in search of victims to be kidnapped.
Besides Nwadiorah and Nkwocha (2011: 3) observed that the act of kidnapping
increased in Nigeria after the Nigerian civil was in 1970 which exposed many
youths with military experience to some criminality. The above account reveals
that kidnapping is very old in the history of man as it is also recorded in
section 364 of the Nigeria Criminal Code.
Though
kidnapping is not new, and has been in Nigeria criminal statues, ransom
kidnapping is a new trend and was not known in Nigeria until recently. Moreover
it was obvious in 2006 when it was announced that foreign oil workers were
kidnapped (Inyang, 2009). However, those expatriates were released after paying
huge ransom in millions of naira. Since then, kidnapping for ransom has spread
to most parts of Nigerian states and Enugu East Senatorial District is also
affected by it. Many people have been kidnapped and only released after the
payment of ransom while in some cases dead bodies were recovered. Igwe Uche
Nwaechime, the proprietor of Mac Royale Hotels ltd, from Nkanu West Local Government
, Enugu State was kidnapped and slaughtered by the kidnappers. His body was
found by a search party at a refuse dump site on the Enugu Port Harcourt
express way (Ugwulebo, 2011). Dr. Paul Edemobi, the proprietor Paul and Grace
Foundation and brother to Prof. Dora Akuyili, was kidnapped in Enugu on Monday
1st December 2008 from his 10B Savage Cresent GRA Enugu (Ojukwu, 2011). The
wife of Sam Ngene, the then Chairman of Enugu South Local Government Area was
kidnapped on March 2009. Also, Nkem Owoh, the popular Nollywood actor was
kidnapped along Enugu-Port Harcourt express way (Ugwulebo, 2011). Payment of
ransom, tragic recovery of dead bodies and other facts and events as a result
of kidnapping shapes peoples perception of the crime. Furthermore, Anosike (2009)
stated that the incidence of kidnapping is a common occurrence in the eastern
states. Anosike also noted that states ranging from Abia to Anambra and Enugu
were greatly alarmed by the wave of kidnapping.
However, in
2009, rebranding project was frantically directed towards redeeming the image
of Nigeria due to the fact that most countries of the world and Nigerians
themselves perceive Nigerians negatively (Dieye and Iwele, 2011: 78).
Incidentally, in that same 2009 there was rise in kidnapping as available
statistics shows that there was 512 incidence of kidnapping in 2009 against 353
in 2008 (Ojukwu, 2011: 380). Ojukwu also noted that the ambassador of the
rebranding Nigeria project, Pete Edochie was kidnapped in Onitsha on his way to
his home town- Nteje. Since then, kidnapping has drastically affected the
country’s image and major businesses in the country.
Furthermore,
kidnapping for ransom posses serious threat to the well ordering and
functioning of the society and many factors were perceived as its causes. In
Nigeria, such factors include corruption among the Nigeria Police Force (Adibe,
2009), unemployment, poverty and leadership failure (Diara, 2010), failure of
the government to provide basic amenities and the use of cult gangs and militants
by politicians in electoral processes (Okengwu, 2011: 1), access to large
quantities of small arms and light weapons (International
Crisis
Group, 2006 as cited in Iduh, 2011: 126). This study will lay emphasis on the
perception of people in Enugu East Senatorial District concerning kidnapping in
Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Kidnapping
in Nigeria is a very serious contemporary social problem which was noted by
Iduh (2011: 125) as the outcome of decades of peaceful protests in the Niger -
Delta region. Kidnapping first attracted national attention on 20th February
2006 when Niger - Delta militants kidnapped foreign oil workers to press their
demand (Nwadiorah and Nkwocha, 2011). Since then, many Nigerians have been
kidnapped and only released on huge ransom whose re-payment they may not be
able to make for the rest of their lives (Oshio, 2009: 13). The statistics of
kidnapping by the Distress Call Base (DBC, Anti-Kidnapping Squad Enugu, 2012)
show that from January to December 2009, there were nine reported cases of
kidnapping, eight victims of kidnapping, five victims of kidnapping rescued,
one victim killed and twenty two arrested kidnappers. Furthermore in 2010,
there were twenty six reported cases against nine cases in 2009, twelve
kidnapped victims against eight in 2009, eleven rescued victims against five in
2009 and thirty eight arrested kidnappers against twenty-two in 2009. Also in
2011 the data reveal rise in kidnapping as there were forty six reported cases
of kidnapping, fifty eight kidnap victims, fifty five rescued victims, one
victim killed and one hundred and thirty six kidnappers arrested. In three
months from January to March 2012, there were five reported cases of
kidnapping, six kidnap victims, five rescued victims and six kidnappers
arrested.
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