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A COMPARISM
ON THE IMPACT OF GENDER CRIMINALITY IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Gender is
clearly seen as economic, social and cultural features, qualities and chances
related with being either a male or female. Basically in most societies, men
and women are totally different from each other and this is seen in their
activities and business, and also their access to and control over resources,
and partaking in decision-making. Gender is a power tool, a social institution
and cultural construct.
The idea of
gender is not constrained to the male or female species, but further breaks the
bound to fully assess the correlations between them. This relationships has
continuously been argued on by researchers, the layman, political parties, etc
in the process of enforcing change in the political environment, economy,
social and cultural environments at the local, national and supra national
levels to mention but a few.
Crime is a
specifically an interesting event and a huge problem in any society because it
is in all ramification the opposite of good deed. This is basically true if we
define crime broadly in terms of behavior in which individuals acquire
resources from others by force, fraud, or stealth. Criminal acts do just the
opposite of good. People who commit these acts intentionally harm others in
other to satisfy their selfish interests.
Conventionally,
crime is defined as acts forbidden by law that can be punishable by
imprisonment. Murder, robbery, burglary, rape, drunken driving, child neglect,
and failure to pay your taxes etcall are examples of crime. The behavioral
definition of crime centers on, criminality, a specified personality profile
that encourages all manner of crimes. Criminal behaviors comprises the use of
force, fraud, or stealth to obtain material or symbolic resources. Furthermore,
criminality is a style of strategic behavior characterized by
self-centeredness, selfishness, indifference to the suffering and needs of
others, the feeling of “I cannot achieve it on my own” and low self-control.
Gender
criminalities in Nigeria have caused The study of gender simply means having
total knowledge of both the roles women and men play together with their
responsibilities. A comparism on the impact of gender criminality in Nigeria
has to do with the comparative analysis between male and female, these will
also throw more light on gender inequalities in the society and how it
encourages criminality in Nigerian prisons, Suleja prisons specifically. The
term Gender inequality does not actually mean that all women are worse than all
men, neither is the reverse. But to some degree, gender (being male or female)
is a vital social separation described by the word inequality. Gender to a
large extent influences people’s perspectives and their social expectations.
Gender equality on the other hand has to do with women and men enjoying the
same status and having equal human rights and also the opportunities for
acknowledging their full right and humans and the ability to partake,
contribute to national, political, economic, social, and cultural development,
and also to benefit from the end results. Gender equality reduces crime and
fosters unity, growth and development in the society.
more harm
than good to the citizens, inmates specifically. Among women, poverty is
common. Previous research works revealed
that women account for over 70% of the world’s absolute poor. Women most times
fall victims of frowning circumstances because they want retain the position
enforced on them as the house keeper, baby making machines etc and keep their
homes, provide for their children, and as such bear a disproportionate burden,
trying to manage household consumption and production under conditions of
recession.
Amongst
various areas in which the parliamentarians play important roles in
encouraging, supporting and protecting women’s rights, the discrimination
against women and girls in the criminal justice system makes up a huge problem
which is less seen addressed than others. These concerns range from
discriminatory, gender inclined offences and reasons for detention to the
impact of the lack of financial resources in order to prevent detention and a
prison system that has been designed by men for male prisoners. The excessive
increase in discrimination positions girls in situations where they are open to
attacks.Nowadays, the circumstances in which women commit criminal offences are
different from men. For this reason, a considerable number of women offenders
are in prison as a direct or indirect outcome of the discrimination and deprivation,
which is most times often experienced from theirspouses, their family members
and the community. Crimes committed by women are related to poverty and most
timesas a result of trying to survivein other to support their family and
children. When it comes to the profile and background of women in prison, and
the reasons for their imprisonment, it differscompletely from those of men.
Just like the men, women prisoners basically come from economically and
socially underprivilegedparts of society, together with drug peddlers/users,
lower-level property offenders, and sex workers are overrepresented. To compare
the male prison populations, women mainly commit minor crimes, theft and fraud
and these are chiefly caused by emotional, physical, and/or sexual abuse which
contributes to women’s criminal behaviour. Women (and girls) make up the
minority of prisoners all over the world, amounting to an estimated 2 to 9% of
national prison populations. Howbeit, the number of imprisoned women has
drastically increased in some countries, and to a large extent higher than for
men. For this reason, the specific needs and characteristics of women and girls
which are the main reason of the criminal justice system have remained
unacknowledged and unaddressed. Prison systems are on every occasion crafted
for the majority male prison population which is not meant to be and is as a
result of discrimination; from the framework of prisons, to security
procedures, to facilities for healthcare, family contact, work and training.
Consequently, a few numbers of prisons meet the specific needs of women
prisoners, and most times do not get them ready for release with
genderappropriate rehabilitation. The United Nations Rules for the Treatment of
Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders were embraced in
December 2010 to in other to put things in place especially the lack of
standards, however the international community till date are deficient of
awareness and commitment to implementation. Gender roles has resulted to a scar
on women in prison, and while their husbands, partnersoften support their
husbands in prison and upon release as a matter of course, reciprocally women
tend to be silenced by their spouse and often even the whole family if they are
by any chance detained. At the same time, women are most times the sole
caretaker of young children, which has resulted in a particular impact of even
short periods of detention on children and the wider family.
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE GENERAL PROBLEM
Criminality
in Nigeria has been an age long problem that has significantly affected the
development of the country both economically, politically and otherwise. The
issue of criminality has taken a surprisingly upward surge in Nigeria owing to
the increase in the wave of crime and other illicit practices. This high level
of criminal tendencies in Nigeria has negatively affected the international
image of the country and thus preventing or making it difficult for us to enjoy
the goodwill of other developed countries of the world. The issues of
criminality has led to high security concerns as the lives and properties of
innocent Nigerian can no longer be protected unlike in other countries of the
world, this has gone a long way in reducing the level of investment into the country
thus leading to poor economic growth and hardship.
1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major
aim of the study is to examine the impact of gender criminality in Nigeria.
Other specific objectives of the study are as follows;
To determine
if women receive preferential treatment in sentencing over men and to explain
this disparity if it exists.
To examine
if crime in Nigeria is gender related
To determine
the negative impact of criminality in Nigeria.
To compare
the gender differences in the Nigerian prisons as regards to issues of
criminality in Nigeria.
To recommend
ways of ensuring the reduction of total eradication of criminality in Nigeria.
1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What is the
impact of criminality in Nigeria?
Do women
receive preferential treatment in sentencing over men?
Is crime in
Nigeria is gender related?
What is the
negative impact of criminality in Nigeria?
Is there a
difference in gender as regards crime in Nigeria?
What are the
ways of ensuring the reduction of total eradication of criminality in Nigeria?
1.5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
H0: There is
no significant difference in gender in terms of criminality in Nigeria.
H1: There is
a significant difference in gender in terms of criminality in Nigeria.
H0: There is
no significant impact of gender criminality in Nigeria.
H1: There is
a significant impact of gender criminality in Nigeria.
1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study
would be of immense importance to government at all levels, the Nigerian prison
service and relevant stakeholders as it would reveal the impact of gender
criminality on Nigeria. The study would also benefit students, researchers and
scholars who are interested in developing further research on the subject
matter.
1.7. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study is
restricted to the impact of gender criminality in Nigeria using a case study of
Suleja prisons in Minna, Niger state.
Limitations
of the study
Financial
constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview)
Time
constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work.
1.8. DEFINITION OF TERMS
GENDER: the
state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and
cultural differences rather than biological ones).
CRIMINAL: an act or the commission of an act that is
forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that
makes the offender liable to punishment by that law
PRISON: a
building to which people are legally committed as a punishment for a crime or
while awaiting trial.
SOCIAL
VICES: is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered immoral, sinful,
criminal, rude, taboo, depraved, or degrading in the associated society. In
more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a negative character trait, a
defect, an infirmity, or a bad or unhealthy habit (such as an addiction to
smoking).
REFERENCES
Ageton, and
R. J. Canter (1979) An Integrated Theoretical Perspective on Delinquent
Behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16:3.
Agnew,
Robert (1992) Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.
Criminology 30:47-88.
Blau, Peter
M. and Joseph E. Schwartz (1984) Crosscutting Social Circles: Testing a
Macrostructural Theory of Intergroup Relations. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Braithwaite,
John (1989) Crime, shame, and reintegration. New York.
Cambridge
University Press. Cohen, Lawrence E. and Marcus Felson (1979) Social Change and
Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review
44:588-608.
Easterlin,
Richard A. (1987) Birth and Fortune. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Elliott, Delbert S., Suzanne S.
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