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NATURE OF
CRIME AND CRIME REPORTING OF VICTIMS
ABSTRACT
Though the
various effects of crime constitute its nature, these have suffered great
research neglect in Nigeria. This study examined the influence of the nature of
crime on reporting among victims in Lagos, Nigeria. It used quantitative and
qualitative methods. Covering the three senatorial districts in Lagos, it
obtained data from 948 respondents selected through a multistage sampling
procedure. Quantitative data were analyzed at three levels and qualitative data
were content analyzed. Findings showed more crime (52.2%) was unreported than
reported (47.8%). The nature of crime is not significantly related to reporting
(*2 p value > 0.05). The nature of crime drives reporting and urges
government to include reporting education in school curriculum for a more
inclusive reporting regime.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Nature of
crime is the form which any criminal activity that has the potential to cause
significant physical, financial and material losses to victim takes. Thus, the
impact of the nature of crime is probably best determined by the perceived
seriousness or intensity of its effects in addition to the duration of its
pains essentially from the victim’s own perspective. Almost always, the nature
of a crime assumes a meaning only in the context of a manifestly subjective
assessment by the victim of the consequences of his/her victimisation. In other
words, the extent of victims’ losses determines the seriousness of crime. In
Nigeria, as it is everywhere else, crime is not a new phenomenon, its form,
rhythm, technique and effects are prone to rapid changes. If Omisakin (1998)
found in Lagos, more than other parts of Nigeria, that crime particularly armed
robbery, kidnapping, drug trafficking, fraud, traffic offence, rape, murder and
theft have become more serious to tackle as they have manifested with new
methods and techniques, the new methods and techniques have the capacity to change
the nature of crimes in Lagos.
As it is in
contemporary times, delinquency and criminal behaviours are common phenomena in
Nigeria. The high rate of occurrence in recent time is of greater concern to
the citizens and their governments than it ever had been. Crime statistics
spread sheet on offences against persons, property and lawful authority and
local acts, 2009 in all state commands show that in 2008, there were 35,109
offences against persons while in 2009 it was 38, 955 (an increase of 3,846
cases), offences against property in 2008 was 47,626 and in 2009 it was 64, 286
(an increase of 16,660 cases), offences against authority in 2008 was 5,938 and
in 2009 it was 7,878 (an increase of 1,940 cases), offences against local acts
in 2008 was 90,156 and in 2009 it was 1,378 (a decrease of 88,778 cases)
(Nigeria Police Watch, nd). The actual experience of crime in Nigeria revealed
by the report of 2013 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) by CLEEN
Foundation confirmed that as much as a quarter of respondents (25.0%) said that
they had been victims of crime during 2012. The survey also indicated that the
number of victims of crime was highest in Enugu state with 70.0%, followed by
Ekiti and Ebonyi States (both 65.0%). The national average was 25.0%. Katsina
State had 9.0%, while Ogun State had the lowest score of 5.0%. Analysing
experience of crime by regions in Nigeria, the south east recorded highest with
44.0% while the North West recorded lowest score of 18.0%. Lagos state also
recorded 18.0%.
In this
context, Lagos was second state most vulnerable site to kidnapping (4.0%),
twentieth to robbery, seventh in physical assault (35.0%), fourth in theft of
mobile phones (55.0%), third in car theft (5.0%) in Nigeria (CLEEN Foundation,
2013). Besides, the Lagos police command foiled 462 and 418 cases of robbery in
2012 and 2013 respectively. Out of the 1448 and 1263 vehicles stolen in Lagos
in 2012 and 2013 respectively, 1187 vehicles were recovered in 2012 and only
954 vehicles have been recovered in 2013. In all, the police recovered 371 arms
and 26058 ammunition in 2013 while 328 arms and 3553 ammunition were recovered
in 2012. The police arrested 569 robbery suspects between November 2011 and
October 2012 as against 522 recorded in the previous year. Moreover, 270 people
were murdered in different parts of Lagos while a total of 32 policemen died in
gun exchanges with armed robbers leading to the police killing 140 robbers
(Manko, 2012).
Despite a
Lagos law that has led to the disappearance of commercial motorcycle operators
from the major streets of the city following claims that they are responsible
for most criminal activities, the state of Lagos still ranks high as one of the
states with the highest crime rates in Nigeria according to a new survey released
by the CLEEN Foundation. In the survey, 67% of Lagos residents have fear of
becoming victims of crimes; the general public believe that crime rate in Lagos
actually increased from 12% to 21% between 2011 and 2012 making robbery (28%)
and theft of property (17%) the more prevalent crimes in the state. The survey
also shows that unlike its counterparts in the southwest geopolitical zone of
Nigeria, which have seen reduction in assault-related crimes, assault cases in
Lagos state skyrocketed from 27% to 38% in 2012 from 11% in 2011 (Ogundipe,
2013). The increase in crime, judging by available statistics appears to
continue every year. Frightening as the data seem, they do not make the nature
of the crime that produced them manifest. If 67.0% of Lagos residents have fear
of becoming victims of crimes, 23.0% claimed to have experienced crime, the
general public believed that crime rate in Lagos increased from 12.0% to 21.0%
between 2011 and 2012 with robbery at 28.0% and theft of property at 17.0% as
the more prevalent offences in the state (CLEEN Foundation, 2013), then crime
rate in Lagos is high enough to justify this inquiry. The influence of nature
of crime on the crime reporting practices of victims in the study site has not
been well studied. It is against this background that this study provided
answers to the following questions:
(i) What is
the nature of crime that predicts victims’ crime reporting practices?
(ii) How
does the nature of crime influence victims’ crime reporting practices?
(iii) How
can the influences of nature of crime on victims’ crime reporting practices be
minimised in the study site?
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