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SECURITY-THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This section
of the study presents a brief outline of the research, the problem and
objective of the research. It goes further to explain research questions,
delimitation and structure of the study.
Thomas
Friedman (2007,8) described in his book entitled, “The world is Flat”, that the
interconnected global economy enabled by advances in Information and
Communications Technology and other factors that he terms “Flatteners”, does
not only empowers the software writers and the computer geeks to collaborate
on the work in the flat world, but also AL Qaeda and other terrorist networks.
The playing field is not being levelled only in ways that draw in, and super
empower a whole new group of innovators, but also a whole new group of angry,
frustrated, and humiliated men and women”. Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD, Paris: July 2003) reported, “The world
pattern for global prosperity has been predicated on near-frictionless
transport and trade." Seaport is a crucial component of the world economy
and global transportation infrastructure, Nevertheless generally there hasn’t
been a comprehensive governmental regulation and security oversight. The
terrorist attacks of 11th September 2001 that collapsed the World Trade Centre
and Pentagon in the United States, has significantly impacted multitude of
sectors internationally. The tragic incident has brought radical change in the
maritime industry. One of the major elements that arose in the response to that
attack was the approach to security. This change led to change in the manner in
which security is being conducted and practiced, due to the numbers security
measures, rules as well as regulation to avoid such incident in the future.
International Maritime Organization (IMO) and U.S have implemented several
measures after the tragic event, for the purpose of heightening the security of
maritime business. For instance, International Ships and Port Facility
Security (ISPS) Code, was ratified by International Maritime Organization in
2002, and called on every member states to apply the code by 2004. The Maritime
Transportation Security Act 2002(MTSA) and the Security and Accountability for
Every port Act 2006(SAFE Port 2006) by United State was designed to improve
national maritime security though, these two Act have international elements
planned to strengthen security of the facilities by which Goods destined to
United State are travelled. The main focuses were on the vulnerabilities of the
ships and the port facilities, which could be exploited by the terrorist and
other criminals. Though the current security measures have enhanced some
aspects of security at Nigeria port, yet some of the vulnerabilities, which are
crucial, still hang out. The current regime has made security at the port very
rigorous, for instance strict measures regarding containerized cargo. Port
security measures could be infiltrated by terrorist or illicit traffickers, if
appropriates mechanism are not put in place to verify identities, credentials,
and the
intention of individual, ships or cargo arriving at the port. This thesis shall
define research problem and the objective, then the issues relating to port
security threats and the vulnerabilities, including its economic impacts on the
port. Also how port security measures have been applied in Port of Nigeria
shall be demonstrated. Though, current security regime have enhance some part
of the port security, nevertheless they have failed to tackle the important
vulnerabilities which terrorist and other criminals are capable of exploiting.
Despite the fact that there is strong physical security at the ports, as well
as the strict inspection rules for the containerized cargo, the absence of
mechanisms to verify the identities and credentials of every individual who has
access to the ports, secure non-containerized cargo, and prevent criminal from
accessing and exploiting the port facilities, the whole port security measure
can be undermined.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
All sections
within Nigeria and international community have welcomed the breakthrough of
offshore oil and gas in the Western part of Nigeria. Nigeriaians have is
expectation that this breakthrough will bring significant economic benefit to
Country. Nigeria Port being the main facility for receiving ships and
transferring cargoes, the offshore oil and gas exploitation and development,
has brought enormous responsibilities and challenges to the port Authorities
and the users. The significant issues among, is how authority is going to
manage the security, safety and environmental issues that will arise over the
next decade. The challenge is that, offshore oil and gas extraction includes a
complex net of ships, structures, installations and people, all interacting
with each other. These activities raise concern to security, safety and
environmental protection considerations at a high level of intensity, at this
time that the offshore production is in full swing. Therefore there is the
need to identify the related threats and vulnerability to be able to develop a
comprehensive, but resilient security system to deal with the threats and
vulnerabilities.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of this thesis is to identify the threats and the vulnerabilities
concerning Nigeria port in Nigeria, and finally recommend measure to overcome
the identified threats and vulnerabilities.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research
has recognized, and seeks to answers the main question of “how to develop
resilient security system for Nigeria Port? This question came to mind after
reading various concerns regarding the security of the maritime commerce. In
trying to answer the main question, the following question also came to mind:
(i) has
there been any security incident linked to Nigeria Port?
(ii) If yes,
how many time are those incidents linked to Nigeria Port?
(iii) How do
those incidents happen?
(iv) Are
there in place, security measures to prevent those incidents?
(v) Are
those measures, effective to prevent potential security incidents?
These
prompted me to develop a questionnaire to search for the information regarding
the existing security control measures, including vulnerabilities and threats
associated with the security control measured, as well as operational
activities within the port.
1.5 DELIMITATION
The
theoretical part covers analysis of various literature sources that describe
the international maritime regulations and requirements for shipping industries
and ports as well as the weaknesses and the strengths of the regulation.
Moreover, it shall describe the threats and the vulnerabilities regarding the
shipping industries and the ports, including the competitive and economic
impact on the ports. The theoretical framework shall be developed to describe
the threat and vulnerabilities relating to the port and the measure to overcome
the threat and vulnerabilities base on the literature review. The empirical
part-case study will focus on the analysing the threats and vulnerabilities
concerning Nigeria port. The case study will be restricted to only Nigeria
Port. Other threats that can adversely impact the security system including the
port operation shall be considered. For instance, threat from the supply chain.
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