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VARIATION IN
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MINERALS OF BASIL (Ocimum gratissimum L.)
ABSTRACT
The study
was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Benin,
Benin City. Proximate analysis was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture
laboratory to determine the nutritional components of ocicum gratissimum. The
experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three
replicates. Each block was divided into twenty-three rows with 0.6m between the
rows. Four Ocimum gratissimum varieties were evaluated: G040220, G040221,
G270114 and G250119. The variables measured for this study include: moisture
content, ash content, crude protein, crude fibre and carbohydrate content and
minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, Iron and potassium. These
variables were measured using their percentage composition. It was observed
that there were significant differences among the varieties studied. Variety
G040220 had the highest MC value and it is comparable to G040221 but
significantly different from the others. Variety G040221 and G040220 had the
highest crude fibre percentage values and were significantly different the
others. Variety G250109 having higher crude protein indicates that it was
improved to absorb more nitrogen from the soil. Variety G250109 was also
observed to have higher carbohydrate and fat content. Therefore, it is
recommended for farmers for higher nutritional performance.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Ocimum L. is
a member of the labiatae family. The typical characteristics of this family are
square stem, opposite and decussate leaves with many gland dots. The flowers
are strongly zygormorphic with two distinct lips. Many of the family,
particularly subfamily Neptoideas to which ocimum belongs, are strongly
aromatic due to essential oils which consist of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes
and phenylpropanoids.
Ocimum
unlike other economically important herbs in the labiatae such as Rosmarinus,
thymus and salvia, belongs to tribe ocimae which has declinate stamens.that is
stamens lie over the lower[anterior]lip of the corolla rather than ascending
under the upper [posterior]lip.
Ocimum was
best described by Linnaeus in 1753 who listed five[5] species
.Bentham[1832]recognised just under 40 species and divided ocimum into
three[3]sections .ocimum [ocymodon benth] with appendiculate posterior
stamens;Hierocymum benth with hairs at the base of the posterior stamens and
gynmnocium benth with glabrous posterior stamens.The latter two sections
contained a few species which are now placed in EndostemonN.E.BR, a genus
bentham didn’t recognise or hemizygia. Bentham [1848] then subdivided section
section ocimum [ocymodon] into three subsections on the basis of calyx
morphology. In subset , ocimum [basilica sensu briquette 1897] the throat of
the calyx is open and bearded in subsect. Gratissima the throat is closed by
the median lobe of the lower lip,subsection hiantia benth, with truncate
lateral calyx lobes, only included species which are sometimes placed in becium
[Sebald 1988,1989,paton 1995].Bentham[1848] also added sect ,hemizygia benth.
Which briquette [1897] considered to be a separate genus on account of the
fused anterior stamens. Paton [1992] in his revision of African species of
ocimum recognised around thirty [30] species and used bentham [1848] infragenic
classification of ocimum, with sect hemizygia and subset , hiantia removed,
preferring to consider the latter as the separate genus becium. This
classification is supported by nutlet characters which bentham did not and by
analysis of pollen morphology [Harley et al, 1992]. However this classification
is not entirely without problems, as pointed out [Paton 1992] ocimum drdnatum
A.J.paton doesn’t fit neatly into the existing categories.ocimum lamiifolium is
also anomalous , appearing to have a close relationship to orthosiphon subgenus
nautochilus [Bremek.]codd. Pushpangadan [1974,pushpangadan and bradu 1995,sobti
and pushpangadan 1979] formulated a different infragenic classification The
‘Basilicum’ group contains herbaceous annuals or sometimes or sometimes
perennials with black , ellipsoid, strongly mucilaginous seeds and with a basic
chromosome number of n=12 whereas the ‘sanctum’ group are perennial shrubs with
brown globose non-mucilaginous or weakly seeds and a basic chromosome number of
n=8.the basilicum group contains only section ocimum subsection ocimum. The
remainder of the genus must be placed in the sanctum group. This classification
is commonly used in the economic and industrial literature ,e.g barrah[1980],
pushpangadan and bradu [1995] whereas bentham system is the basis for that used
in taxonomic literature. Economically the most important taxon within ocimum is
section ocimum .the most heavily used species are o.basilicum, o.americanum,
and their hybrid o x citriodorum. These species are use d for essential oil
production and as pot herbs. O.kilmandscharicumis extensively grown in the
tropics for camphor production .O.gratissimum is grown for the essential oil in
its leaves and stems. Eugenol and to a lesser extent thymol extracted from the
oil are substitutes for clove oil and thyme oil. The whole plant and essential
oil have many applications in traditional medicine, especially in Africa and
india. Preparations from the whole plant are used as stomachic and in treating
sunstroke, headache and influenza .the seeds are have laxative properties and
are prescribed against gonorrhoea. the essential oil is applied against fever
inflammations of the throat. In Indonesia [Sumatra] a tea is made from the leaves
, while in Thailand the leaves are applied as a flavouring. In Indonesia the
eugenol-type of o.gratissimum is used in the ceremonial washing of corpses and
is planted in graveyards. In india o.gratissimum named ‘ram tulsi’ is widely
used in religious ceremonies and rituals.
Information
on proximate analysis of basil is beneficial for nutrition and medicinal
benefits to man and formulation of a well balanced feed for livestocks..
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THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF COCOYAM
PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa Countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt, with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be to avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains sufficient for
planting of cocoyam. The study therefore seeks to examine and appraise the problems
and prospects of cocoyam production in our society, a case study of Ovia North
East Local Government Area.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Research questions
Purpose of the study
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Limitation of the study
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Historical Literature review
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
Research design
Population of the study
Research instrument
Data collection
Statistical techniques
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and interpretation
of result
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, conclusion and
recommendation
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Cocoyam (colocasia spp and xanthosoma
spp) is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world
particularly in Africa for human nutrition, animal feed, and cash income for
both farmers and traders (Onwueme and Chales, 1994). Cocoyam is vegetative
propagated using the corms and to a lesser extent the cormels. As food for
human consumption, the nutritional value parts of cocoyam is primarily caloric
(Davis et al, 1992). The underground cormels provides easily digested starch;
and the leaves are nutritious spinach like vegetable, which give a lot of
minerals, vitamins and thiamine (Tambong et al, 1997).
There are two major types commonly
grown in Nigeria namely; colocasia spp and xanthosma spp. In Nigeria, it is
regarded as a major crop especially in X2 female headed household. Nigeria is
one of the largest producers of cocoyam in the world contributing about 40% of
total annual production okinpshectares of land out of the total arable land of
27,900.00 hectares under cocoyam production.
Cocoyam grows in association with
other food and tree crops a system mostly practiced by subsistence farmers in
Nigeria. The bulk of the production of cocoyam is in South East, Nigeria
(Enyinnia, 2001). Cocoyam is regarded as
a major food crop in Nigeria especially in female headed households. Nwabuzor
(2001) noted that cocoyam can be consumed in various forms when boiled, fried,
pounded or roasted. It can also be processed into chips (“achicha”) which has a
long shelf and provides food all year round especially during lean planting
season (Asadu, 2006). Cocoyam leaves are also used as vegetable for preparing
soup in various part of the world. There is a decline in the yields of cocoyam
on the past few years. As population pressure on land continues to increases, the
importance of cocoyam in ensuring household food security is given adequate
recognition even through the present yield are still below expectation. This
could be attributed to a lot of factors such as climate variation, drought,
poor cultural practices among cocoyam growers, pest and diseases infestation
(Ezenwu, 2010).
Despite the usefulness of cocoyam
corms and leaves in human nutrition, its production and processing in Nigeria
is faced with a lot of challenges. Some of these challenges are the alarming
rate of land degradation and lack of improved varieties for commercial cocoyam
and leaf production. Decreasing rainfall and poor soil have also been
identified as some of the challenges processing of cocoyam in Nigeria (Osagoe,
2006). Therefore, this study was carried out with the broad objective of
ascertaining strategies for improving cocoyam production and processing among
women farmers in Edo State, Nigeria.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In any human endeavour, there are
bound to be some obstacle or hindrance in any of achieving exception to this
general rule. Hence this research is designed to find out the problem and
prospects of cocoyam production in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo
State.
1.3
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main aim of the study is to
examine and appraise the problem and prospects of cocoyam production in our
society, a case study of Ovia North East Local Government Area.
To know the number of farmer producing cocoyam in the local government
area.
To know the type of production system.
Identifying problem of cocoyam production
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains enough stock raw
materials in period of short supply and anticipate price changes.
1.5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study is centred on planning of cocoyam
in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on cocoyam
production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full in this
study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from respondents
encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
This investigation had a very limited
for the study and they only limited time for the study and they only limited
the work.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on planting of
cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on
cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full
in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from
respondents encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cocoyam: Cocoyam are herbaceous
perennial plants belonging to the family araceae and are grown primarily of
their edible roots, although all parts of the plant are edible. Cocoyam that are
cultivated as food crops belong to either the genus colocasia or the genus
xanthosoma and are generally comprised of a large spherical corm (swollen
underground storage stem), from which a few large leaves emerge.
Problem: A problem is a road block in
a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a
resolution.
Prospect: A prospect is the
possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your
class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great.
Production: The process of making or
growing something for scale or use.
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TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE,
print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy
our complete written material(s).
HOW
TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
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paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the
following information to
08068231953
or 08168759420
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Your project topics
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Email Address
(3)
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(4)
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We
will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK
ACCOUNTS
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 0046579864
Bank:
GTBank.
OR
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 2023350498
Bank:
UBA.
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MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
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