INVESTIGATION ON THE INFLUENCE/PREVALENCE OF POULTRY DISEASE AND ITS MORTALITY RATE IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
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INVESTIGATION
ON THE INFLUENCE/PREVALENCE OF POULTRY
DISEASE AND ITS MORTALITY RATE IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Agriculture in Nigeria has remained the
largest sector contributing nearly 39% to the gross domestic product for the
past two decades and employing nearly 60% of its workforce. Over 80% of the
country’s population in the rural areas is directly or indirectly dependent on
agriculture for its livelihood (NBC,2005). The Nigeria livestock resources
consist of 13,885,813 cattle; 34,453,724 Goat; 22,092, 602 sheep; 3,406,381
pigs; 104,247,960 poultry (Rim, 1992). From these figures, poultry is about 58.
72% of the total livestock production which indicates the place of poultry
sub-sections in the livestock industry.
Poultry plays an important economic,
nutritional and socio-cultural role in the livelihood or rural household in
many developing countries including Nigeria. Poultry are birds that include
fowl, turkey, duck, goose, ostrich guinea fowl, pigeon etc. which render not
only economic services but contribute significantly to human food as a primary
supplier of meat, egg, raw materials for industries (feathers, waste products),
source of income and employment to people compare to other domestic animals
(Avila 1985; Demehe, 2004).
Poultry meat and eggs play a very useful role
in protein production in Nigeria. They are palatable and generally acceptable.
This acceptability cuts across nearly all cultural region boundaries in
Nigeria. Poultry industry plays important role in the development of Nigeria
economy. Poultry production has become a full time job for many Nigerians and
significantly contribute to the Groose National Product (GNP) (Umeh and Odo;
2002). Poultry products mainly meat and eggs represent important food for
improving the nutritional status particularly of the most vulnerable
populations-children and pregnant women. Poultry production is an important
part of farming in many parts of the world. The major attracting factor in
poultry production is probably the tendency of providing a fairly rapid return
on capital (Abdulkali; 2002).
The poultry industry in Nigeria has recorded
considerable expansion in recent time (FAO, 2000). For example, the creation of
Akwa Ibom State in 1987 and the increased activities of oil and gas companies
in the area with the resultant improvement in the demand for animal protein
especially in the form of poultry products. This has led to the establishment
of poultry farms which are located in Uyo agricultural zone of the state. While
overall national increase in poultry production has probably triggered off
vigorous research into alternative and cheaper feed resources urgently needed
to sustain such growth: there is the need to continually focus attention on the
health of the animals in other to realize the full potential of the industry
(Fasami; 1990).
Poultry diseases remain one of the major
threats to boosting poultry production in Nigeria (Halle et al., 1998;
Laseinde, 2002). Poultry diseases continue to play major central role in
hampering its development (FAO, 1998; Rushton et al, 1999) The impact of
diseases on animal agriculture is typically assessed in quantitative terms. In
poultry industry examples of these terms include lost revenues, costs of
vaccination/prevention, eradication, decontamination and restocking. These have
been referred to as a negative input (Unrusfield, 1995). In Nigeria, diseases
are among the major factors that hinder poultry development (Alanargot, 1987;
Alemu, 1995).
A lot of losses in poultry have been linked
to diseases causing agents such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. It has been
estimated that more than 750 million chicken, guinea fowls and duckling in
Africa die each year as a result of various infections (Sonaiya 1990). Although
somewhat in birds parasitic has been achieved by commercial production system
mostly due to improved housing hygiene and management practices, the prevalence
of infectious diseases is still very rampant (pandry et at: 1992). Nigeria has
a comparatively well developed poultry industry for West African Nation.
Apantaku (2006) described this trend to the
low level of poultry production in comparison to the level of poultry
technologies being generated by Nigerian poultry researchers. The prevailing
situation became worsen in 2006 by the reported outbreak of highly pathogenic
and viral diseases like Avian influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal
disease and coccidiosis. Obayelu (2007) reports that the diseases outbreak led
many poultry farmer into psychological breakdown due to losses incurred and
also affected animal protein intake of a large sector of Nigeria population.
Major limitations confronting the industry
are numerous. The problems confronting the poultry industry in Nigeria include
disease, low egg production, poor chick quality, poor weight gain, lack of
capital, management problems etc (Van et al.; 1995; Apan taku et al; 1998; Ojo;
2003). Other problems include high cost of drugs and equipment such as battery
cases, high cost of feeding, increasing cost of medications, marketing and lack
of storage facilities as well as unfriendly government policy and finance.
Sources of economic losses in poultry include lack of technical know-how, poor
quality feed, poor housing, mismanagement and of great significance, disease
outbreak which had received tremendous attention (Adekumisi et al; 1996;
Torimiiro et. al., 2002).
Despite the economic significance of the
diseases to the commercial and small scale poultry producers in the country, no
substantial research has been done to asses its economic losses. With the
increasing interest in poultry production evidenced by the proliferation in
poultry farms, it is pertinent to continually evaluate the prevalence rate and
management issues associated with common poultry disease such as Avian
influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal
disease and coccidiosis.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The incidence of poultry diseases in Nigeria
has led many poultry farmers into psychological breakdown due to losses
incurred. Poultry diseases has a gross attack rate on commercial poultry
production. Culling birds in order to eradicate and control the spread of the
diseases has negatively affected the livelihoods of all classes of poultry
owners and producers. Such an impact is most serious on the smaller family
producer and commercial producer whom poultry production is their sole of
income generation. Effects of poultry diseases on the economy. Where market is
lost through the reduced rate to export, restriction of movement of birds and
the closing of some domestic markets is especially the constraint which affect
the income generating ability of smaller producers in the zone (Mettzer et al.,
1999). The non consumption of poultry meat as well as its products has also
affected animal protein intake in the large sector of the population. The most
pronounced affect is the sharp decline in demand as people avoided eating and
demanding for poultry product out of fear of being infected (WHO, 2004a). The
survivability of poultry industry in Nigeria is very low due to poor management
techniques embarked upon by rural poultry farmers, and outbreak of seasonally
defendant diseases that can account for high chick losses and mortality.
Purpose of the Study
The study is aimed at examining the
prevalence rate of poultry diseases and mortality of flock in the study area.
Specifically the study seeks the following objectives.
To
determine the prevalence rate of Avian influence and its mortality rate on
poultry in Uyo Local Government Area.
To
determine the prevalence rate of Newcastle Disease and it mortality rate on
poultry in Uyo Local Government Area.
To
determine the prevalence rate of infectious Bursal disease and its mortality
rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area.
To
determine the prevalence rate of coccidiosis and its mortality rate on poultry
in Uyo Local Government Area.
Research Questions
What
is the prevalence rate of Avian influenza and its mortality rate in poultry on
Uyo Local Government Area?
What is the prevalence rate of Newcastle diseases and its mortaility
rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area.
What is the prevalence rate of infectious Bursal disease and its
mortality rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area.
What is the prevalence rate of coccidiocsis and its mortality rate on
poultry in Uyo Local Government Area.
Significance of the Study
The
finding of this study will motivate the farmer to produce quality and disease
free products capable of meeting the nutritional requirement of address the
problems of malnutrition, food insecurity low income and poverty as a whole.
Nigerian policy makers and Animal Health Professionals will benefit from
the study as the studies will expose them to the cause of major epidermis seen
each year resulting in death of many birds, and this knowledge will enable more
precise disease control planning.
To
the scientist, it will provide valuable data for epidemiogical studies both
logically throughout Nigeria through collaboration. The data will also assist
them with a role informing animal health and disease control policy.
The
study will be significant in the training of farmers on improve livestock
breads for the gradual upgrading of local breeds.
This study will help to increase productivity of poultry farms which in
turn will create job opportunity to the community and reduce the cost of
production. Also the more progressive or productive the poultry farm is, the
more produce will be supplied to the market for distribution.
The
study will help the community dwellers and those practicing poultry on
subsistence level in Uyo Local Government Area by teaching them poultry
management practices and approaches which can be used to achieve improved
performance in their business.
Delimitation of the Study
This study is delimited to prevalence of
diseases on the mortality rate of poultry in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa
Ibom State only four infectious diseases of poultry are being surveyed in the
study i.e Avian influence, (AI), Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro), Newcastle
disease (ND) and coccidiosis (C).
CHAPTER TWO
This chapter review of literature consist of
the following headings:
Theoretical framework
Conceptual framework
Review of related empirical studies
summary of review of literature
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
THEORY OF RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk is everywhere and is substantially an
unavailable element in the business of farming according to Ayinde et al
(2008). Farming decisions are generally made under the environment of risk and
uncertainties. Some of these risks are naturally the hazards such as floods,
droughts, fire outbreak, diseases and pest attack. In farming, yield, product
prices, input prices and quantities are usually not known with certainty when
investment decisions are being made. In many cases, farmers are confronted with
risk of pests and diseases which may cause product price to decline, and these
characteristics results in returns displaying high variability, (Ajieh 2010).
Olartinde et al. (2007) stressed that there are four forms of farming risks
which are natural, social, economic and technical risks. Natural risk are
natural occurrences such as drought, flood, wind storm, diseases and pests and
they have adverse effect on output of agricultural production. Social risk
referred to actions of human beings on the farm such as theft of produce, bush
fire, invasion of farms while economic risks was identified as risk resulting
from input and output, price fluctuations which translate to low income.
Technical risks are seen as types that affect production process which include
insufficient and untimely supply of inputs, insufficient credit and inadequate
processing facilities. Adubi (2000) however emphasized that small scale farmers
are more exposed to risk than other segments of the population because they
exist at the margins of modern economy.
Walker et al. (2011) identified risk
management as finding the preferred combination of activities with uncertain
outcomes and varying levels of expected returns. He further asserted that risk
management involves choosing among alternatives to reduce the effect of risks
on a farm and in so doing affect the farm’s welfare position.
Walker et al. (2001) identified risk
management to include enterprise diversification, insurance, production
contracting, vertical integration, marketing contracts, hedging in future,
future option contracts, maintaining financial reservoirs and leveraging
liquidity, leasing inputs and hiring custom work, off-farm employment and other
types of off-farm income. Managing risk in farming does not necessarily involve
avoiding risk, but instead involves finding the best available combination of
risk and return given a person’s capacity to withstand a wide range of outcomes
(Onyekole, 2000). Effective risk management involves anticipating outcomes and
planning a strategy in advance given the livelihood and consequences of events
not just reacting to those effects after they occur.
Olarkinde et al. (2007) however identified
four main aspect of risk management to include identifying potentially risky
element, anticipating the livelihood of possible outcomes and their
consequences, taking actions to obtain a preferred combination of risk planning
strategies when distress conditions have passed. Kindre (2006) reported that
farmers can also manage their farming risks by either leasing inputs including
land or hiring workers during harvest or other peak months.
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