ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR
CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK
YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE
PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N10,000 ONLY. THE FULL
INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS
PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
A STUDY OF
THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF RIPE AND UNRIPE PLANTAIN
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to Study
Natural products, such as plants extract, either as
pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for
new drug discoveries because of the unmatched availability of chemical
diversity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 80% of
the world's population relies on traditional medicine for their primary
healthcare needs. The use of herbal medicines in Asia represents a long history
of human interactions with the environment. Plants used for traditional medicine
contain a wide range of substances that can be used to treat chronic as well as
infectious diseases. Due to the development of adverse effects and microbial
resistance to the chemically synthesized drugs, men turned to
ethnopharmacognosy. They found literally thousands of phytochemicals from
plants as safe and broadly effective alternatives with less adverse effect.
Many beneficial biological activity such as anticancer, antimicrobial,
antioxidant, antidiarrheal, analgesic and wound healing activity were reported.
In many cases the people claim the good benefit of certain natural or herbal
products. However, clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate the
effectiveness of a bioactive compound to verify this traditional claim.
Clinical trials directed towards understanding the pharmacokinetics,
bioavailability, efficacy, safety and drug interactions of newly developed
bioactive compounds and their formulations (extracts) require a careful
evaluation. Clinical trials are carefully planned to safeguard the health of
the participants as well as answer specific research questions by evaluating
for both immediate and long-term side effects and their outcomes are measured
before the drug is widely applied to patients. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), nearly 20,000 medicinal plants exist in
91 countries including 12 mega biodiversity countries.
The premier steps to utilize the biologically active compound from plant
resources are extraction, pharmacological screening, isolation and characterization
of bioactive compound, toxicological evaluation and clinical evaluation. [1]
Musa paradisiaca is a rich source of calcium,
phosphorus, iron and some other trace elements
B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPONENTS (UNRIPE)
The known pharmacologically active components of
plantain, and the unripe type specifically can be classified into;
(i)
Phenolic amines
(ii)
Tamin
(iii)
Phytin.
Simmonds, (1968), reported the presence of phenolic substances in
plantain. The most abundant was 3, 4 – dihydroxyethylamine (dopamine). Through
dopamine is abundant in the skin of plantain, the level is insignificant in the
pulp (Anderson et al, 1978). Other substances were later discovered, of which
5-Ht is the most abundant. Others include noradrenaline and tyramine.
Not much have been reported about changes in the
levels these pharmacologically active substances at ripening, but 5 – HT seems
fairly constant in the pulp of the fruit and increases in the skin when ripe
(Simmonds, 1966).
Bucley
(1966), gave the biosynthetic pathway for phenolic amine synthesis in plantain
thus
BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY FOR PHENOLIC AMINE SYNTH ESIS IN
PLANTAIN.
The pathway starts from tyrosine, which is converted
to tyramine, then to dopamine, and finally to noradrenaline in plantain pulp or
skin.
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is the most abundant pharmacologically active
substance present in the plantain pulp. It inhibits gastric acid secretion and
stimulates smooth muscles of the intestine (Simmonds, 1966; smith et al; 1960).
Simmonds, 1966, reported the usefulness of this in combating coeliac disease.
The
synthetic pathway for 5-HT has not been fully elucidated, however, it is
presumed to be similar to the pathway in many other animals. Tryptophan is the
precursor, and it is excreted as 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid in mammals, after
eating plantain (Simmonds, 1966).
(II) TANNIN
Tannin occurs in unripe plantain (Goldstein, 1963).
Tannin
is responsible for the astringent property of plantain. Astringency has been
defined as the formation of tannin-protein complex in the mouth and intestine.
Astringent activity leads to various buccal, gastric and intestinal secretion
arrest by tannin acid-containing vegetable products (Butherworths, 1978).
In
unripe plantain the bulk of tanniins is Leucoanthocyanidin which is present as
a monomeric falvo – 3, 4- diol or as oligomers and is believed to condense to
inactive high tannin polymers at ripening. Polymerization leads to decreased
solubility of high molecule tannins in methandic solvents (Goldstein et al;
1963).
Probable site of polymerization to give an inactive
condensed tannin as seen in ripe plantain (Simmonds, 1966).
Othe4r
phenolic substances present in banana include histidine, Leucodelphinidin,
Eugenol, elemicin
Baggosan (1932), reported the presence of phytin in plantain. Phytin is
a calcium-magnesium salt of phytic acid has been shown to interfere with the
absorption of calcium either by precipitation or by converting it to a form
which is not readily absorbed from the intestine. (Anon, 1945). Inositol is a
basic sugar alcohol called myoinositol and is present in the form of
phosphatidly inositol (Phytic acid) in the extracellular compartment of higher
plant tissues (Lehninger, 19677).
Phytic
acid has been shown to produce a negative calcium balance by binding as
non-ionizable complex thereby reducing absorption considerably (Anon, 1945).
1.4
ECONOMIC/MEDICINAL USES OF Musa paradisiaca
Musa paradisiaca have been associated with
antispasmodic action and implicated in antidarrhoeal management. There are
other myriad of pharmacological actions associated with plantain, hence its use
in diverse conditions, in addition to being a source of food for man.
The
medicinal uses of Musa paradisiaca. Vary from locality to locality.
The tradition applications and formulations have been
severely criticised for lack of: standardization of its dosage regimen and
specification of quantities related to the age or body weight. In spite of
these setbacks, it has continued not only to provide modern medicine with a
numbers of compounds, either useful in themselves or capable of improvement by
chemical modification, but also has continued to meet the health care needs of
the people, especially, in the developing countries.
Musa paradisiaca also makes a delicious meal. It is
consumed in large quantity in the coastal regions of West Africa (William et
al; 1980). Generally, the demand for plantain in Nigeria is relative low.
However, it is one of the commonest food in the Niger Delta region (Oyenuga,
1968).
The
pulp has high caborific value due to the high carbohydrate content. The pulp
contains mainly simple sugars-fructose and glucose (Jay; 1970; Coursey; 1967).
The
fruit is prepared by roasting; boiling; frying in oils; mashed into paste as
fufu; or smoked for storage till when needed for use. The plantain skin when
dried under the sun is a good materials to provide ash, rich in potash for soap
making (Dalziel; 1936). The use of plantain for beer brewing has also recently
been reported in some parts of Tanzania and Uganda.
The
sap of plantain produces indelible stain in fabrics and can be stalk of the
plant is pounded and smeared on the floor of native mud houses. Plantain also
provides a good fibre for making ropes and brushes, from the peduncles.
1.5
RELEVANT PHYSIOLOGICAL & PHARMACOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND CONCEPTS.
The
ileum like other parts of the small intestine consists of four histological
layers. These are from outside, the serosa layer, the muscular layer, the
submucosa, and the mucosa layer.
The serosa layer is a continuation of the mesentery
and is tightly bound to the underlying muscle layer. The muscular layer
consists of outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer. The tow muscular
layers are separated at some points by the dysenteric nerve plexus. Stimulation
of this plexus causes contraction of the muscular layers producing peristaltic
wave along the entire gastrointestinal tract. The subnucosa consists of areolar
tissue with blood and lymph vessels and the meissner’s nerve plexus. The mucosa
consists of finger-like folds or villi which are modified for digestion and
absorption of food substances.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT
WORK
PLEASE, print the following
instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written
material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT
MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate
amount (#10,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your
project topics
(2) Email
Address
(3)
Payment Name
(4) Teller
Number
We will send your material(s)
after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL
CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL
CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
https://projectmaterialsng.blogspot.com.ng/
https://foreasyprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://mypostumes.blogspot.com.ng/
https://myeasymaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://eazyprojectsmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
https://easzprojectmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
Comments
Post a Comment