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DESIGN
AND FABRICATION OF A SOLAR GRAIN DRYER
ABSTRACT
Drying crops
or grains by solar energy is of great economic importance the world over,
especially in Nigeria where most of the crops and grain harvests are lost to
fungal and microbial attacks. Proper drying could easily prevent these
wastages, which enhances storage of crops and grains over long periods. India
is blessed with abundant solar energy all the year round. Drying is one of the
important and most energy consuming processes in the food- processing,
chemical, printing, fabric dying industries, etc. In farmer level drying is
being done on open yards without any good hygienic conditions. Generally
thermal energy, maintained between 45 0C to 25 0 C depending on the products
and production methods. A conventional fuel like electricity, firewood, diesel,
furnace oil, kerosene, etc is producing that energy. The objective of this
project is to modify design of a forced convection indirect solar dryer and its
performance test on Grapes. The system consists of an air heating section. The
solar dryer consists of different components such as solar panel, battery,
heating element and blower. The blower is used to passing the hot air to the
required place, so that the moisture contents in the place was removed. It
offers a better control over drying and the product obtained is of better
quality than sun drying. Solar Dryer Can be operated at higher temperature,
recommended for deep layer drying.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL
PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.4
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.5
ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
1.6
LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2
DRYING OF GRAINS
2.3
PROCESSES USED IN THE FABRICATION
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION
METHODOLOGY
3.1 PARTS OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 MATERIALS USED
3.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
3.4 DESIGN CALCULATION NOMENCLATURE
3.5 COST ESTIMATION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2
ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3
ECONOMIC OF THE PROJECT
4.4
PROJECT VIABILITY
4.5
RELIABILITY
4.6
MAINTAINABILITY
4.7
PROJECT EVALUATION
4.8
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
CONCLUSION
5.2
FUTURE SCOPE
5.3
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the majority of
countries, agriculture represents the biggest part of the economy. 80-90% of
the working population is employed in agriculture. Despite these large numbers,
national food production still does not meet the needs of the population. The
lack of appropriate preservation and storage systems caused considerable
losses, thus reducing the food supply significantly. The dent in food
production caused by crop-failures as well as significant seasonal fluctuations
in availability can be ironed out by food conservation, e.g., by drying. Sun drying
of crops is the most widespread method of food preservation in a lot of
countries due solar irradiance being very high for the most of the year. There
are some drawbacks relating to the traditional method of drying, i.e.,
spreading the crop in thin layers on mats, trays or paved grounds and exposing
the product to the sun and wind. These include poorer quality of food caused by
contamination by dust, insect attack, enzymatic reactions and infection by
micro-organisms. Also this system is labour and time intensive, as crops have
to be covered at night and during bad weather, and the crops continually have
to be protected from attack by domestic Animals. Non-uniform and insufficient
drying also leads to deterioration of the crop during storage. Serious drying
problems occur especially in humid tropical regions where some crops have to be
dried during the rainy season. Traditional sun drying of sweet pepper and
coffee. In order to ensure continuous food supply to the growing population and
to enable the farmers to produce high quality marketable products, efficient
and at the same time affordable drying methods are necessary. Studies have
shown that even small and most simple oil-fired batch dryers are not applicable
for the most farmers, due to lack of capital and insufficient supply of energy
for the operation of the dryers.
The high temperature
dryers used in industrialized countries are found to be economically viable in
developing countries only on large plantations or big commercial
establishments. Therefore the introduction of low cost and locally manufactured
solar dryers offers a promising alternative to reduce the tremendous post
harvest losses. The opportunity to produce high quality marketable products
seems to be a chance to improve the economic situation of the farmers. However,
taking into account the low income of the rural population in developing
countries, the relatively high initial investment for solar dryers still
remains a barrier to a wide application. 1.2 Solar radiation- The Energy Source
For Solar Dry-ing The sun is the central energy producer of our solar system.
It has the form of a ball and nuclear fusion take place continuously in its
centre. A small fraction of the energy produced in the sun hits the earth and
makes life possible on our planet. Solar radiation drives all natural cycles
and processes such as rain, wind, photosynthesis, ocean currents and several
other which are important for life. The whole world energy need has been based
from the very beginning on solar energy. All fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) are
converted solar energy. The earth's atmosphere is being changed at an
unprecedented rate by pollutants resulting from wasteful fossil fuel use. These
changes represent a major threat to international security and are already
having harmful consequences over many parts of the globe. It is imperative to
act now. So it’s the time that we have to make some alternatives that will be
helpful for overcoming the shortage and need of today. That is why there are
alternatives sources that we are using like solar energy, wind energy,
geothermal energy etc.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Energy is the
most important need of today’s society and economy. Our work, leisure, and our
economic, social and physical welfare
all depend on the
sufficient, uninterrupted supply of
energy. The energy demand
continues to grow, year after year. Drying is one of the methods used to
preserve food products for longer periods. The heat from the sun coupled with
the wind has been used to dry food for preservation for several thousand years.
Sun drying is
still the most common method used to preserve agricultural products in most
tropical and subtropical countries. However, being unprotected from rain,
wind-borne dirt and dust, infestation by insects, rodents and other animal,
products may be seriously degraded to the extent that sometimes become inedible
and the resulted loss of food quality in the dried Products may have adverse
economic effects on domestics and international markets.
Solar thermal
technology is a technology that is rapidly gaining acceptance as an energy
saving measure in agriculture application. It is preferred to other alternative
sources of energy such as wind and shale, because it is abundant,
inexhaustible, and non-polluting. Solar air heaters are simple devices to heat
air by utilizing solar energy and it is employed in many applications requiring
low to moderate temperature below 80°C, such as crop drying and space heating.
In ancient
times, the sun and wind would have naturally dried foods. Evidence shows that
Middle East and oriental cultures actively dried foods as early as 12,000 B.C.
in the hot sun. Later cultures left more evidence and each would have methods
and materials to reflect their food supplies—fish, wild game, domestic animals,
etc.
Vegetables and
fruits were also dried from the earliest times. The Romans were particularly
fond of any dried fruit they could make. In the Middle Ages purposely built
“still houses” were created to dry fruits, vegetables and herbs in areas that
did not have enough strong sunlight for drying. A fire was used to create the
heat needed to dry foods and in some cases smoking them as well. [1]
The importance
of food drying is likely to increase. The global population is predicted to exceed
eight billion by the year 2025 (Cliquet and Thienpont, 1995). Food production
must therefore be increased to meet the rising demand but this is unlikely to
come from simply growing crops on previously uncultivated land (Dyson, 1996).
One strategy to increase food supplies is to minimize crop wastage. In
developing countries alone, the minimum estimates of post-harvest losses,
including those from poor drying, vary between 10-20% (Pariser, 1987). A 1978
report by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences in
Washington, D.C., cited by Salunkhe and Kadam (1998), puts post-harvest losses
as high as 30-40% in both industrialized and developing countries.
In addition to
foods for human consumption, many other products require Drying. These include
organic crops like timber and rubber and inorganic materials like this has
focused our attention on energy intensive processes like drying where fossil
fuels can often be replaced by renewable and non-polluting sources of energy.
Drying paint. All of the above arguments emphasize the importance of drying in
people’s lives.
However,
according to Mujumdar (1990), "drying is the most energy-consuming
industrial process". It requires approximately 2.4 MJ to evaporate one
liter of water. To dry one metric ton of most fruits in a conventional
dehydrator to the safe moisture, content for long-term storage requires
approximately 100 liters of oil. The shortage of energy is an issue in many
countries, particularly those in the developing world. Even where conventional
energy is plentiful, there is pressure to reduce the amount of fossil fuels
used. Concern over global warming is universal and one metric ton of fruit in a
conventional dehydrator produces approximately 300 kg of carbon dioxide.
Technology the growers dry many crops at the point of production themselves so
there is usually adequate land area available for the solar drying system.
Solar energy
is an obvious energy source for drying various products, particularly food
crops. Many crops are harvested in the summer months and are usually dried at
temperatures below 700C - a temperature which can be readily attained by solar [2].
Some of the
problems associated with open-air sun drying can be solved using a solar dryer,
which comprises of collector, a drying chamber and sometimes a chimney.
Solar drying
may be classified into direct, indirect and mixed-modes. In direct solar dryers
the air heater contains the grains and solar energy passes through a
transparent cover and is absorbed by the grains. Essentially, the heat required
for drying is provided by radiation to the upper layers and subsequent
conduction into the grain bed.
In indirect
dryers, solar energy is collected in a separate solar collector (air heater)
and the heated air then passes through the grain bed, while in the mixed-mode
type of dryer, the heated air from a separate solar collector is passed through
a grain bed, and at the same time, the drying cabinet absorbs solar energy
directly through the transparent walls or roof.
1.2 PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Solar air
dryer is old concept, but in modern world many different parameters are been
considered during its manufacturing. The design of solar dyer which gives some
advantages as well as disadvantages such as friction losses ,vibration,
expansion of acrylic glass due to heat and air flow, friction losses at the
reducing cross- sections and leakages of air at small portions which cannot be
identified . By considering all factors, we have taken decision to make solar
food dryer, which is less costly, more efficient to poor people.
The objective
of this study is to develop a mixed-mode solar dryer in which the grains are
dried simultaneously by indirect radiation through the transparent walls and
roof of the cabinet and by the heated air from the solar collector. The
problems of low and medium scale processor could be alleviated, if the solar
dryer is designed and constructed with
the consideration of overcoming the limitations of indirect type of solar
dryer. So therefore, this work will be based on the importance of a mixed mode
solar dryer which is reliable and economically, design and construct a mixed
mode solar dryer using locally available materials and to evaluate the
performance of this solar dryer.
1.3 SCOPE
OF WORK
In order to
reach the project’s objective, the following scopes are identified:
·
Designed a solar dryer according to the information obtained
from the literature.
·
Acquire materials needed is suitable for fabrication.
·
Performance of solar
dryer for collector efficiency, drying air temperature and weight loss will be
compared with different types of drying method.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main
objectives to achieve in this research that are:
·To study a characteristics and
performance of the solar dryer system.
·To select and evaluate the optimum
design of solar dryer.
·To test dynamically for its
performance and suitability of campus use.
1.5 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
1.
Much less time is required for drying as compared to direct
drying because of black body.
2.
Protection of the drying products from insects but also from
birds, dogs, especially for drying meat and
fish.
3.
The product is hygienic because microorganisms, insects and
flies are killed
4.
Protection of rain.
5.
Protection of pollution by dust etc.
6.
Protection of the wind which can blow away the food
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1.
Not workable at night.
2.
Efficiency decreases to a large extent on cloudy days.
3.
Overheating may occur if regular attention is not paid.
4.
Due to overheating, it can decrease the quality of food.
5.
Change in taste and flavour of food may occur if regular
monitoring is not done.
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