ATTENTION:
BEFORE
YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE
INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN
GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000
ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE
BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
ASSESSMENT
OF SOME HAEMOTOLOGICAL PARAMETER ON MALARIA PATIENT
ABSTRACT
Hematological
parameters are measurable indices of the blood that serve as a marker for
disease diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate hematological
parameters of patients with malaria in Nigeria. This was a prospective study in
which the full blood count of patients, with malaria attending the General
Hospital Owerri, Nigeria from March to May 2007, were analyzed. Data was
analyzed using SPSS version 15.0 software. P value of less than or equal to
0.05 is considered as statistically significant. A total of 100 patients were
recruited for the study. Fifty patients had P.falciparum malaria while the
remaining was negative and were used as controls. There were more males with
malaria (n=30) than females (n=20) and thirty two (64%) were below 5years while
18(36%) were above 5 years. Lymphocyte and monocyte counts were elevated among
patients with malaria relative to the control while haemoglobin and platelet
levels were significantly decreased (P ≤0.05). The platelet level decreases as
the degree of malaria parasitaemia increases. Haemalogical parameters in
patients with malaria infection are deranged. Thrombocytopenia could be used to
determine presence and severity of malaria.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Malaria is
one of the most prevalent human infections worldwide resulting in 225 million
cases each year (WHO, 2010). It is caused by protozoa parasite of the genus
plasmodium which infects and destroys red blood cells. Four species of
plasmodia (P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax) cause malaria in
humans of which P. falciparum is the most common cause of morbidity and
mortality (Taylor-Robinson, 1998; Das and Pan, 2006).Malaria kills an average
of 1 million Patients in Africa annually, Snow et al., (2005). In Nigeria about
96 millionpeople are exposed to malaria, and out of these 64 million people get
infected and almost 300,000 deaths are being reported annually in the general
population, of which over 100,000 deaths are of Patients (Alaribe et al.,
2006).
Haematological parameters are measurable indices of blood that serve as a
marker for disease diagnosis (Petel et al., 2004). Haematological abnormalities
such as anaemia and thrombocytopaenia have been observed in patients with
malaria (Ladhani et al. 2002; et al. 2007).
The key
feature of the biology of the Plasmodium falciparum, the predominant malaria
species, is the ability of the infected red blood cells to adhere to the lining
of the small blood vessels (Richard et al., 1998). Such sequestered parasites
provide considerable obstruction to tissue perfusion. In addition, it is
becoming clear that in severe malaria there may be marked reductions in the
deformability of uninfected RBCs (Dondorp et al., 2000). RBCs destruction is an
inevitable part of malaria, and anaemia further compromises oxygen delivery.
Severe anaemia may arise from multiple poorly understood processes including
acute haemolysis of uninfected RBCs and dyserythropoeisis, as well as through
the interaction of malaria infection with other parasites infection and with
nutritional deficiencies (Dondorp et al., 2000). The aim of this study was to
determine changes in the haematological parameters of Patients with malaria
infection in Nigerian population of Africa. Alterations in the haematological
indices may strengthen the suspicion of malaria, prompting more meticulous
search for malaria parasite, and timely institution of specific therapy.
Malaria
which is the most prevalent infectious disease in the tropical and subtropical
regions of the world is of great public health importance (Mishra et al., 2003;
Umar et al., 2007; Mia et al., 2011).The World Health Organization reports that
malaria, the deadly parasitic disease is responsible for nearly ninety percent
of death in Africa (Ogbodo et al., 2010). One-fifth of infants’ death in Africa
is caused by the scourge of malaria (Snow et al., 2005; WHO, 2010). In Nigeria,
approximately 0.25 million deaths of Patients under the age of five is caused
by malaria yearly (UNICEF, 2009). Typhoid fever which is also endemic in Africa
is more severe in infants and the elderly (Preston and Boreszyk, 1994; Gatsing
et al., 2006). Both malaria and typhoid exhibit close symptomatology and
epidemiology (Nsutebu and Ndumbe, 2001; Brian and Wahinuddin, 2006). The first
case of malaria-typhoid co-infection occurred among American soldiers in 1862
(Bynum, 2002). The high incidence and prevalence of malaria-typhoid
co-infection became popular almost ten years ago whereas the fact that malaria
has been prevalently high is already recognized and accepted (Uneke, 2008). The
onset and progression of the malaria infection is characterized by vast
alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters (Bidaki and Dalimi,
2003). The World health Organization’s (WHO) criteria acknowledges that some
biochemical and hematological features should raise the severity of malaria
(World Health Organization, 2000).
In different
parts of the world including Nigeria, scientific materials on hematological and
biochemical alterations in acute falciparum malaria are available (Mishra et
al., 2003; Egwunyenga et al., 2004; Bidaki and Dalimi, 2003; Udosen, 2003), but
none have really been reported from Sango-Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria and also
scientific information on the impact of malaria-typhoid co-infection on
hematological and biochemical parameters are scanty. This study examined the
effect of malaria and malaria-typhoid co-infection on some hematological and
biochemical indices. The study population includes only the febrile patients
that have been clinically said to have malaria and malaria-typhoid co-infection
from the results of their malaria and widal tests, respectively.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following
instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written
material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount
(#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project
topics
(2) Email
Address
(3) Payment
Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after
we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
AFFILIATE
Comments
Post a Comment