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COMMUNAL CONFLICT AND SOCIOECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT, AN ANALYSIS OF BOKI LGA
Abstract
Communal conflict
is gradually replacing the conflict between states which appears to have
dominated the international state since end of the Second World War. The
harmonious relationship and peaceful co-existence which characterized rural
dwellers especially in Boki lga seems to have been torn apart owing to the
daily occurrence of conflict within the polity which has in no small measure
undermined development of social and economic lives of the people. This conflict
manifest in different forms, common among them include; civil wars, violence
and conflicts, land disputes, gang violence and political wars, etc. the
critical nature of this conflict and its devastating impacts are adversely
affecting socio economic wellbeing of affected communities. Data for the study
were elicited through questionnaire from two hundred and twenty ( 220)
respondents randomly selected from four (4) communities within the study area.
Chi-square (X2) was used as analytical tool to test hypotheses. Data collected
were analyzed at 0.05 level of significance. Findings confirm that socio
economic underdevelopment could be a negative consequence of communal conflict.
It is suggested that government in collaboration with the people should rise up
to the challenge of maintaining peace and order to pave way for development
programmes.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the
Study
1.2 Statement of the
Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the
Study
1.4 Significance of
the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research
Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and
Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the
Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of
Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of
Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring
Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations
for Further Study
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the study
Every society is faced with different
challenges imposed either by man or nature. Since after independence in 1960,
Nigeria has consistently experienced crises of different dimensions with
adverse consequences on the social, economic, political and emotional
development of the society. Communal conflict or communal conflict/dispute is
one of such devastating challenges confronting transitional societies such as
Nigeria.
Conflicts as asserted by Adams (2000) are
inevitable wherever scarce resources are unequally distributed among
competitors and inequality is reflected in cultural and political relationship
between groups. Human society as observed by Robinson (1972) in Nsolibe (2014)
characterized by differences in ideology, socio-cultural activities, resources
endowment and different ethnic affiliations. These differences often result to conflict
due to poor management strategy.
The poor
state and performance of the rural sector especially in Boki lga is an
indicator and a pointer at underdevelopment and this is further worsened by
series of communal conflict (Ekot, 2002).Rural communities in Boki lga are in a
precarious and abysmal state. Communal conflict has been a significant source
of disharmony in Boki lga where several people have been allegedly killed,
wounded and kidnapped. These several provocative attacks, harassment, abduction
and killing have resulted into loss of manpower, destruction of properties,
stagnation of economic activities like businesses including farming, increasing
cannibalistic acts etc. Hundreds of people have been displaced from their
original homes and rendered homeless as refugees in neighbouring communities as
a result of brutal and inhuman acts of communal conflict.
For several years running, these communities
have engaged in a fratricidal war over parcels of lands despite the peace pact
signed by most of the elders of these warring communities. None of these crises
ever end without loss of lives, destruction of properties, destruction of
lives-stocks and farm products, invading and burning of schools, homes,
markets, shops and even hospitals where the sick and injured are supposed to be taken care of;
blocking of public roads making it difficult for people to travel outside their
territories for productive ventures. These have cumulatively led to the
distortion of social, cultural, economic and political activities within the
area. The increasing insecurity has wreaked havoc on the environmental
wellbeing and hospitality for which most rural communities exemplify.
Communities
in Boki lga like every other parts of the world have witnessed persistence
reoccurrence of several communal conflict which has posed a devastating
consequence on their socio economic development (pate, 2009). Traditionally,
conflict have been conceptualized as a struggle over values and claims to
scarce status, power and resources in which the aims of the opponent are to
neutralize, injure or eliminate the rivals.it exists in magnitude of range,
rift, misunderstanding, family and market brawls, skirmishes and wars, public
insurrections and assaults including chieftaincy and boundary disputes (Albert,
2001). Conflict, though an element of social interaction, exists when parties
are engaged in serious disagreement and refuses to come to terms with each
other. This could be family members, friends, individuals, communities, states
and even nations.
Pate (2009)
noted that when two or more parties perceive their interest as incompatible,
they express hostile attitudes or pursue their interest through actions that
damaged the other parties. In the view of Kari (2004), conflict arises when two
actors are opposing each other in social interaction and reciprocal social
power in an attempt to obtain scarce or incompatible goals by preventing each
other from attaining and pursuing their goals. To further buttress this point,
Ajayi (2014) acknowledged that conflict is inevitable wherever sever resources
are unequally distributed among competitors and inequality is reflected in
cultural and political relationship between groups.
The Global Coalition for Conflict
Transformation (2016) added that conflict is not solely an inherently negative,
destructive occurrence but rather a potentially positive and productive force
for change if harnessed constructively.
Conflict is
not an isolated event that can be resolved or managed; but an integral part of
society’s ongoing evolution and development. This view tallies with that of
Ayayi (2013) who noted that the regularity of conflict has become of the distinct
characteristics of the continent. This however, defines communal living in
rural communities or Boki lga. The findings from the work of Otite (1991);
Deutsch (1991); Zartman (1991) and Azar (1990) reveal that conflict may be in
ubiquitous as long as people, nations and groups pursue conflicting interest,
there will always be disagreements, disputes and conflict.
Communal conflict has to do with disputes
between two or more communities. According to Oboh and Hyande (2006), it is
that which involve two or more communities engaging themselves in disagreement
or act of violence over issues such as claims for land ownership, religious and
political differences leading to loss of lives and destruction of properties.
This idea was further elaborated by Eme and Nwoba (2015) who posited that
communal conflict is a state of incompatibility that emanates from a commonly
shared or used property by a group or groups in a society.
The last two decades in Nigeria as stressed by
Sambon (2005), have witnessed no fewer than two hundred communal conflicts and
casualty figures conservatively put over 500,000 were recorded in a quick
succession across the country resulting to loss of lives and properties. A
study by Ikurekong, Udo and Esin (2012) reveal that the major consequences of
this bloody communal clashes have been outright reduction in the livelihoods
and development potential of the natural resources base of the people.
Conflict according to Albert (2001) as cited
in Ayayi and Buhari (2014) is a channel through which creative solution to
human problems are defined and collective solution identified and developed.
Hence, there is nothing wrong with the existence of this conflict as it forms
part and parcel of the society. What is disturbing as observed by Omotayo
(2005) is the massive destruction of lives and properties as well as disruption
of social, political and economic lives of the larger population. Communal conflict
therefore constitute a serious social problem that needs to be addressed with
urgency. Although communal conflict as identified by Ikenga (2006) has been a
scourge on society from earliest times, contemporary rural societies seem to be
witnessing more of these crises. This havoc as commented by Eme and Nwoda
(2015) has turned the attention of people from creative production to creative
destruction. Many people in the process are displaced, thus compounding the
problem of increased refugees in neighbouring communities, while some are
killed, others died as a result of shocks, and improper medical attention and
lot more are injured or maimed.
There is greater insecurity of lives and
properties in areas surrounded by conflict as a result of increased importation
of sophisticated weapons used in engaging opposition parties. Communal conflict
or conflict as observed by Effiom (2001) have graduated from the use of bow and
arrows, sticks, machetes, dain-guns to automatic rifles, grenades and bomb. The
frequency of conflict, according to Oji and Eme (2004) has the capacity to
severely constrained development endeavours by destroying infrastructures. One
of the serious consequences has been the interruption of production progress
and diversion of resources away from productive use. Funds budgeted for viable
development programmes are often times rechanneled to rebuilding critical
infrastructures destroyed as a result of these crises.
Communal conflict can be attributed to a
number of factors among which include: political discrimination, poverty,
inequality, cultural and religious differences (Eminue, 2014). Eminue (2014) and Osaghae (1992) maintained
that multi-ethnicity is the most frequent cause of conflict. Communal conflict
especially in rural communities is more of war of interest as its purposes in
most cases are well defined. Horowtz (1985) as cited in Nsolibe (2014) also
assert that African societies have been going through difficult times of
communal conflicts, antagonism and violence, as a result of the weak boundary
structures, endemic poverty, winner takes all philosophy, insufficient land,
among others. Ayuk (2014) identified the changing specter of communal conflict
and crime; the grievous consequences its exudes, the nonidentification of
appropriate and most effective channel of managing the occurrence and weak
legal institution for Nigeria nations, as further posing greater challenge to
addressing, controlling and understanding communal conflict or conflict in
Nigeria.
Although Celestine and Osita (2010) admitted
that conflict in the society is inevitable, and that not all conflict can be
resolved but managed, the task of conflict resolution is however, weakened by
poorly trained and corrupt control machineries of government and their
inability to check, monitor and control people’s activities that have the
propensity to generate conflict in the society. More disturbing, is the
increasing duration between flare-up and the partiality of armed personnel and
perceived stakeholders especially politician in handling these crises. Several
factors as pointed out by Wood (2016) affect economic (as well as) social
development. These include; population, conflict and environment. Conflict is
complex, its presence in an area is terrible for economic development. Not only
does it cost money but also instability in businesses. Although most times
these crises are not remotely stable, their existence create much risk and harm
to the socio economic development of the society. During conflict periods as
Ayuk (2014) rightfully observed, lives are negatively affected; occupations and
businesses are disrupted; production of subsistence practices are halted, which
consequently would lead to chronic shortage of food, famine, unemployment,
destruction and refugee problems. The violence outbreak of communal crises has
marred development gains of health education, infrastructural improvement and
income generating and distributing activities. These are necessary consequences
of inter-communal conflicts. This situation nevertheless poses great challenge
to socio economic development as no investor would be willing to undertake serious
business commitment in such area.
The conflict school according to Ekot (2002)
sees society as made up of people or groups with conflicting and unequal access
to social, political and economic resources. Therefore, society is more or less
a battle ground where those who consider themselves as exploited rise up
against those who exploit them. Conflict to Coser (1956) as cited in Aule
(2015) is commonly regarded as a struggle over values and claims to scarce
status, power and resources. This is also the stance of Ralf Dahrendorf where he posited that conflict is
the resultant effect of competition. The aim of the opponents are to
neutralize, injure or eliminate their rivals.
Similarly, Shapiro (2006) viewed conflict as a
process of social interactions, which involves claims to resources, power,
status, beliefs, preferences and desires. Giving these assertions, therefore,
the social conflict theory of Karl Marx is considered relevant to this study.
Karl Marx, a major proponent of the conflict school believes that reality lies
only in nature and material things. The foundation of human society is based on
human adaptation to nature. That is the organization of activity to provide for
material needs and wants. Economic factor (e.g land, economic trees and
products etc) is the fundamental determinant of the structure and development
of society. Marx was concerned with the economic factor which exists between
the opposing classes in the society. Those who have the means of production and
those who are exploited by the owners of the means of production. Marx, as
stated in Charles (2014) commented that social relations in human society from
the beginning of history has been marked by series of struggles and
disagreements between opposing classes. That every society in history has been
marked by some gradation or differentiation between the haves and the haves
–not, the superior and the inferior, the super-ordinates and the subordinates,
the high and the low classes.
Giving this view in relation to this study,
economic resource such as land in Boki lga is scarce when compared to the
demand of the people. The scramble for these scarce resources by individuals
and groups often result to conflict, thus the prevalence of communal conflict
in Boki lga.
1.2 Statement
of the problem
The endemic
nature of communal conflict with its attendant consequences calls for
attention. This study investigated the impact of environmental resources
conflict dynamics on social and economic development of communities in Boki lga.
The major objective was to investigate the association between communal conflict
and socio economic development. Specifically, it examined the association
between struggle for land, political power and chieftaincy affair and socio
economic development.
1.3
Objectives of the study
1. To know
the effect of communal conflict on socio-economic development
2. To
understand the relationship between communal conflict and socio-economic
development
1.4 Research
Questions
1. What is
the effect of communal conflict on socio-economic development
2. What is
the relationship between communal conflict and socio-economic development
1.5 Research
Hypothesis
H0: There is
no relationship between communal conflict and socio-economic development
H1: There is
a relationship between communal conflict and socio-economic development
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