AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF ECONOMIC STUDENTS
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AN
INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE OF ECONOMIC STUDENTS
ABSTRACT
This study
was based on investigation into the effect of instructional materials on the
teaching of economic in secondary school in Ojo Local Government Areas.
A sample
population of 120 students was carried out and also sample population of 24
teachers carried out in 8 schools randomly selected in Ojo LGA. The major
instrument used was questionnaire. Simple percentile and the T- test was also
used to for the analysis.
The result
shows their is a significant difference in the existing instructional materials
and the students performance in classroom also there is no significant
difference between the instructional material and teaching learning
effectiveness.
However, based
on the research analysis among other things that available instructional
materials should undergo periodic maintenance because materials make learning
more real and concrete which helps the students in focusing attention and
motivation.
furthermore
materials, (reading or teaching) resources should be properly made available
and periodically up dated.
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
1.0. INTRODUCTION:
Economics is
a very interesting subject. The importance of Economics as a senior secondary
school subject cannot be over-emphasized. Its importance is such that every
senior secondary school student must offer the subject right from senior
secondary school one (S.S.S 1) to senior secondary school three (S.S.S3) when
the senior school certificate examination will be taken (S.S.C.E) and National
Examination Council (N.E.CO) will be taken respectively, The policy has placed
Economics in the same group as core subject such as mathematics English
language Science etc.
However,
Economics has a wide, which involves production, distribution and consumption.
It will be noted that this scope summaries every activity a society undertakes
the benefits of studying economics are
immense and includes the follows:
a. Economics teaches consumers how to make rational
use of our resources.
b. it enables us apply its principles to solve
practical problems, thus avoid unnecessary and costly mistakes.
c. It enables us as individuals to make right
decisions on spending money.
d. It helps planners to plan adequately for the nations economic development.
e. Lastly, it prepares students for the wider
world generally. it trains the student to have better understanding of the
problems of the society and therefore be
in position to offer effective solutions to them.
These are
some of the benefits of economics to individuals and students.
The study of
Economics has in recent years being faced with many challenges. One of the most
prominent of these challenges is the issue or problem of instructional
materials used in teaching secondary
school economics. Teachers differ in their personality behaviour and
attitudes to work teachers also differ in their methods of teaching and
presentation of their materials to students. However, these teachers all have
one thing in common, which is to make their students learn.
The role of
a teacher in any instructional situation is primarily that of communication.
The teacher tries to effect changes in
the behaiour of learner by representation facts and information learning rules
and procedures, gaining the learner’s attention by activity involves them in meaningful
participation, participation, propelling that thinking and stimulating their
imagination for effective transfer of knowledge. The proper selection of an
appropriate teaching method involves consideration of class size, equipment and
facilities. Many students of economics in secondary schools receive instruction
either through traditional lecture method or through the use of obsolete and
inadequate instructional materials. As a result of this students learn
economics as a matter of compulsion, rather than with real interest.
It is still
common to find teachers using the traditional teaching and chalking ‘method of
teaching at the expense of non-traditional approaches such as the scientific
method of inquiring or the use of relevant instructional materials and
learning. They help the teacher teach better and make learning interesting and
less strenuous. They are also referred to as educational instructional media.
In other
words instructional materials include all forms of information carriers that can
be used to promote and encourage
effective teaching and learning
activities.
The
materials range from simple materials like chalks markers textbooks,
illustrated pictures, charts, maps, pictures to more complex materials like
projectors, tapes, records, videos etc.
Instructional
materials can be classified according to
the sense organs (hearing or sight) they
appeal to. These are visual aids (Sense of sight) audio (sense of hearing) and
audio-visual aids (sense of hearing and sight).
Farrant (1988)
pointed out that the quality of any selected and applied instructional material
can be assessed in the light of its relevance adequacy, neatness, validity,
applicability and the number of senses
it appeals to, from observation it has been noted that many of the existing
instructional materials used in teaching economics in senior secondary schools,
if assessed under the above criteria (as
pointed out by Farrent (1988), will not do very well. Is a result of this students
either learn in abstract memory or they
do not learn at all.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS:
One of the
major difficulties facing students of economics is the method of teaching used
and the instructional materials available for the use in their learning
process.
The methods
of teaching and instructional materials used while teaching can determine how
much a student will learn. The value of instructional materials used cannot be
over-stressed as the help students learn affectively to ask good questions,
search for acceptable and reasonable answers, confront reality and reflect
about economics problems in creative and challenging ways. This search is to
asses the existing instructional materials presently used in teaching economics
in senior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government area of Lagos State.
However, it
probes into the following areas of assessment which includes.
a. The relevance of instructional materials.
b. Adequacy of the instructional materials.
c. The validity of the materials available.
d. Neatness of the materials and
e. Validity of the materials.
1.2 The purpose of the study includes:
i. To identify the types of
instructional materials used in teaching of economics.
ii. To justify the used for the need of
instructional materials in order to promote effective teaching and learning of
Economics.
iii. To determine the levels of usages of
instructional materials in the selected secondary schools in are local
government area.
iv. To asses the instructional materials
available for use
v. To examine the relevance and
effectiveness of the materials used and the students performance.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
a. To what extent does the availability of
instructional materials affect the teaching and learning of economics in senior
secondary school?
b. How relevant are the available
instructional materials in the teaching of Economics?
c. To what extent does the attitude of
students and teachers ? towards the use of instructional materials enhance
Economics lessons?
d. What are the type of materials that are
available for the teaching of Economics in senior Secondary school?
How
effective are the instructional materials used in teaching Economics in Senor
Secondary School?
HYPOTHESIS
i. There is no significant difference
between the instructional materials and the teachers- student teaching and
learning effectiveness.
ii. There is no significant difference
between the instructional materials on students performance in class.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study is
significant in the following respect; They study will make the learning
environment more real and likely. The study will show the usefulness of the
existing instructional materials in teaching Economics. The study will show the
areas where the use of instructional materials is lacking in the teaching of
Economics. The study will show what instructional materials are in use and
which are needed. The study will provide guidelines for teachers on how to
effectively use the available instructional materials in teaching Economics.
1.6SCOPE AND
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This
research is restricted to five selected secondary schools in Ogo Local
Government Areas of Lagos State due to
certain intervening variable, which include the limited time available for
carrying out the research and also the financial constraints on the part of the
researchers.
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