THE INFLUENCE OF STRIKE ACTION ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENT IN NIGERIAN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
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THE
INFLUENCE OF STRIKE ACTION ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENT IN NIGERIAN
TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
University
worldwide is regarded as the citadel of knowledge, the fountain of
intellectual, the most appropriate ground for the incubation for tomorrow’s
leader.
A university fulfils one major knowledge (Ike,
2001). It is a knowledge and value provider. It stands or falls in its ability
or inability to deliver on this criterion. Magna carta universitum, “The
university is an autonomous institution at the heart of societies differently
organised because of geographically and historical heritage, it produces,
examines, appraises and hands down culture by research and is an enterprise
that serves multidisciplinary purposes. This according to (Nwankwo, 2004)
explains why merit has been the watchword in the university system – a system a
student must first be certified worthy in character and learning before being
admitted into the Honours Degree Hall. Universities are key author in national
development, more so in Africa than in other regions. Their roles in research
and this explains why the Federal Government of Nigeria is acknowledging the
university as a fulcrum for national development, set up a commission headed by
Chief Gray Longe 1992 to review higher education in Nigeria with particular
reference to universities in Nigeria. The commission was given terms of
reference amongst which were:
Ø To
re-examine the developmental roles of universities in developmental roles of
universities in developing countries such as Nigeria.
Ø Determine
the middle and higher level manpower supply and demand of the country and
advice in the area of under/over population and under/over utilization of the
same.
Ø Examine
the availability and adequacy of academic staff in universities.
Ø
Investigates the nature, sources and criteria of funding in higher education
institutions. (especially universities)
with a view to improving the situation and guaranteeing steady source of funds
for optimal functional of these institutions.
Ø Review the
general condition of staff in higher educational institutions such as salaries,
pensions and retirement benefit, housing of the public service and private
sector and particularly to stemming the brain phenomenon.
Ø Review the
criteria for appointment of administration, including the Vice-Chancellors,
Provosts, Rectors, Registrars, and other Principal Officers, their term of
office and the process of renewal of their appointment. The commission held
special sessions with a number of eminent personalities and educationist from
whose knowledge and experience of the educational system in Nigeria it
benefited immensely.
Finally, the
commission defined higher education as the type of education in higher
educational institution especially in universities, which produce high level
and middle level manpower, but not specialized set up by professional bodies.
The
commission also noted that the goals and objectives among others include:
teaching research and public service. The commission observed that Nigerian
universities had established standard comparable to the best in other parts of
the world. The commission, however,
frowned at the discovery that the following physical conditions are still the
trademarks of the Nigerian universities;
· Dilapidated workshops equipment in most
of the higher institutions.
· Inadequate facilities such as
libraries, lecture rooms, laboratories and work farms.
The
commission was also appalled by the fact that universities have not achieved
much in terms of the goals and objectives for which they were set up, owing to
incessant disruption in the academic flow chart caused by strike actions,
industrial unrest, students hooliganism, political instability, etc.
Based on
these discoveries, the commission recommended among others, that;
§ The university education as the apex of the
system of higher education should play a leadership role in the nation
providing people of special qualification and motivation;
§ Universities education is not a means to earn
a living. It should also equip the
individual to the highest level of his ability with the intellectual and
physical skills which he requires to be an innovative, creative and
self-reliant member of the society.
§ The university, because of its key role in
the overall economy should always encourage and facilitate industrial harmony
and provide a conducive atmosphere for learning and attainment of other goals
and objectives.
The
government on its part accepted these recommendations and thus, commented as
follows: -
· That university should undertake periodic
reviews of programmes and activities to meet national priority goals as defined
from time to time.
· In order to develop closer
academic/industrial relationship and also ensure that the programmes of
tertiary institutions are relevant to the needs of the industry and the
national economy, there should be regular interaction between the institutions,
the employers of their products and the National Manpower Board.
· To encourage industrial
harmony in the higher educational institution by passing laws that will
preserve the rights of various interest groups within the university system,
especially organized trade unions and employers associated.
This is
however, the general picture of the events that surrounds the university system
in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Over the
last thirty years in Nigeria, the educational system has witnessed an
unprecedented industrial unrest and so many official assaults than other social
institutions. Nwankwo, (2000) opined that Nigeria educational institutions,
characterized by military intervention in governance have witnessed untold
negative political interference and a seeming calculated moves to submerge it
in the river of irrelevance. He further
argued that those in authorities see universities as a burden and as
institutions to be exploited and left desolated. Consequents upon this Ures (a process of
closure), non-payment development, our universities he posited, have become
aberrations of themselves. The
manifestation are in form of cultism, brain drain underfunding by government,
erosion of academic freedom, general insecurity, dilapidated he structures,
non-payment of university staff salaries Onuoha (2008), this is so, because of
its strategic place both in the nation’s hierarchy of priorities and its
considered role as a veritable machine for development. In his own contribution. These are indications that all is not well
with the Nigeria university system.
ASUU went on
strike on 27th June, 2009 in protest against non implementation of agreement
against signed with the Federal Government of Nigeria. In a press briefing on
30th August in Calabar, ASUU president, Prof. Ukachukwu Awuzie accused the
Minister of Education of not presenting the true facts concerning government’s
handling of the issues that led to the strike.
He expressed regret that the minister claimed in his reaction to the
strike, that there was no agreement between the federal government the union
(ASUU) and that the government need to review the agreement because of the
global economic meltdown. He said the
minister also claimed that government was not properly briefed during the
negotiations and that the strike action by ASUU would further reduce the
quality of education, which the union claimed that it was fighting to improve.
Awuzie
described the minister’s remarks as “particularly vexations and unfortunate” as
the federal government was responsible for the strike action, which has thrown
the university system into another turmoil.
He said contrary to the minister’s assertion, there was an agreement
reached between the federal government and the union (ASUU). On May 12, 2009 and government invitation,
they assembled at the NUC to sign the agreement between the Federal Government
of Nigeria (FGN) and ASUU. He said the
union is on strike “to persuade government to be serious by signing the
agreement already reached”. According to
him, the touted N78billion is actually the shortfall in the amount needed to
fund personnel emoluments arising from the various agreements which government
has reached with all federal tertiary institution in the country.
He said it
was therefore not true that N78billion was needed to fund the FGN/ASUU
agreement as claimed by the minister.
“It was an assertion meant to politicize the issues, deceive and
hoodwink the Nigerian people. By the
way, is it not a crying shame that our government finds the same N78billion too
much to spend over a period of time to revamp the educational system? Yet, the same government wastes millions of
naira on frivolities”, he said.
He added
that even though the present government touts education as one of the issues in
the seen-agenda, the allocation to education in the 2009 budget betrayed its
lack commitment to the education of Nigerians.
The ASUU president further argued, “ASUU believes that with an average
of N120billion earned from oil each day, government should be able to fund
education effectively. If it considers
this impossible, the money should be enough to increase access to education by
a greater majority of our people. We
cannot aspire to being one of the developed economies by 2020, if the bulk of
our citizenry remain uneducated as is the case today”. He however, assured that the union will call
off the strike as soon as the federal government signs the agreement reached
with the lecturers. ASUU strike ended on
October 22nd, 2009 by 8:10pm.
· To find ways of improving such
deteriorated relationship in order to move the education industry forward.
· To find the causes of the
deterioration in relationship between the labour and management.
The effects
of strike action are far-reaching, for they disturb the economic, education
social and political life of a country. The most visible effect of the strike
on student is the elongation of academic session, low intelligent quotient,
commonality etc. Of course, these are the effects that are sought for going on
strike in the first place. It should be noted that whether the strike is
successful or not, these damages have already been done.
The
government as the co-ordinator of the several activities of the state has explicit
objectives in industrial relations. For instance, the state’s objectives in
industrial relations include the maximization of social benefits, and the
minimization of social costs. The ultimate effect is the maximization of
economic growth and development for the nation. The strike disrupts the
achievement of some of these objectives.
The public
society, too, is not spared, strike action creates law and order problems,
necessitating increased vigilance on the part of the state. Further, even when
disputes are settled, strike and bitterness continue to linger, endangering
social relations. The employers suffer heavy losses, not only through stoppages
of production, reduction in sales and loss of markets but also in the form of
huge expenditure.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The general
objective of this study is to examine the effects of strike action in Nigerian
universities while the specific objectives are as follows: -
1. To determine the major causal factors of
strike in Nigerian universities.
2. To examine the level of government
intervention on strike related issues in Nigerian universities.
3. To examine the latent effect of strike
actions on student year on campus.
4. To know the strategies used by the
government in solving strike related issues in the Nigerian university system.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
researcher has mentioned the objective and formulated the following research
questions:
1. Why do the university products embark on
strike action?
2. What are the likely causes of strike
action in the Nigerian university system?
3. What are the consequences or implications
of strike action in the Nigerian university system?
4. What are the strategies used by government
in solving strike issues in Nigerian universities?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The
following hypothesis is related to the study
Hypothesis
One
H0: There is no significant relationship
between strike action and the academic calendar of Nigerian universities.
H1: There is a significant relationship between
strike action and the academic calendar of Nigerian universities.
Hypothesis
Two
H0: Strike actions in Nigerian universities is
not a product of financial crisis
H1: Strike action in Nigerian universities is a
product of financial crisis
Hypothesis
Three
H0: Strike actions does not help the demand of
the university product.
H1: Strike action help the demand of the
university product.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A study on
industrial relations would not only be beneficial to the state, employers of
labour and employees but to the society as a whole. Labour issues have bearing with integrated
national planning. It contributes to
manpower development and harmonized industrial relations, which promotes rapid
economic development. Besides, a
peaceful industrial atmosphere is required to actualize the noble objectives
for which universities were set or established to achieve. The research work is significant in a number
of ways, which includes:
· With the introduction of
the concept of management in industrial disputes/strike action, the research
has contributed to the pod of knowledge already available and therefore adding
to the existing literature.
· Following the discovery of
a fault in the process of collective bargaining, it will spur and support other
researchers in the area of collective bargaining.
· The study is significant to
university management who are now in vantage position to apply management by
consultation in all issues involving labour.
· The study is significant to
the state and federal government who will appreciate that the inability to
implement the joint decisions reached has been a source of dispute in the
university system.
· The study would also
benefit labour union that in the course of this research would understand that
even though their demands are imperative in line with the economic realities,
must consider the lean resources of the state and the position of management
before embarking on strike under a democratic setting, industrial relations is
a different issue.
Democracy
promoter’s freedom guarantee conducive atmosphere for expression of
feelings. But such rights should not be
abused or suppressed into witch hunting for selfish interests. We must demand for what is right so long as
it is within the labour laws and what is right must be done so long as it
within the state resources.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of
the study is the research boundary. This
research focuses on how strike actions and boycotts affects students academic
performance in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Emphasis is laid on the management of industrial
disputes with a view to identifying the causes, the dimensions and
socio-economic implications of strike actions in our institutions.
The scope of
the study will be limited to universities in Ogun State. The research work will pay attention to Tai
Solarin University of Education, Ijagun and Federal University of Abeokuta both
in Ogun State.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Hardly would
a research study be concluded without constraints. In a country such as ours where bureaucracy
in the flow of information and where there is inaccurate data and statistics,
there really has to be a problem.
Specific instances of constraints related to the data system would
include; Low quality data and inadequate recording devices, lack of
standardization in data recording and formats, inadequate data collection and
handling procedure, lack of research skills, privacy of information
considerations, budgetary limitations and lack of incentives and motivation.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Boycott:This
means refusal of wage earners to have dealings with or to patronize, a business
organization when there is an organized labour grievance.
Employee: This is any person who is not a manager and
who works for another in any organization for fixed wages.
Industrial
Relations: A tripartite relationship
involving three parties namely: - the owner of work, the employees or their
representatives and government agency for the purpose of setting job rules and
regulations.
Employer:This
means the owner(s) of work. This can be
business owners, organization, partnership, sole proprietorship, private or
public limited company, government, etc.
Strike
action:This is what happens when a group of employees conduct a work stoppage
which will affect the condition of the job generally.
Picketing:This
means the action of striking workers to prevent other persons from taking their
places in the establishment and induce their colleagues who have not joined the
strike action to do so.
Lock-out:This
is the employer’s action of closing a business enterprise for the purpose of
enforcing a demand on the employees by causing them to be thrown out of work.
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