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EFFECT OF
AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Scope of the study
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship
2.2 Entrepreneurship and economic
Development
2.3 Entrepreneurship Education and
Sustainable Development in Nigeria
2.3.1 Strategies for Effective Entrepreneurship
Education
2.3.2 Objectives of Entrepreneurship Education
2.4 Competence-based view of
entrepreneurship
2.5 Developing entrepreneurial competencies
as a student business
2.6 Entrepreneurship Education and
Technological Patterns
2.7 Related Empirical Studies
2.8 Summary of review of related literature
CHAPTER
THREE
Research
Methodology
3. 0 Introduction
3.1 Design of the study
3.2 Sample size
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Instrument for data collection
3.5 Validation of instrument
3.6 Reliability of instrument
3.7 Method of data collection
3.8 Method of statistical analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA
ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
4.1 Research Question 1
4.2 Research Question 2
4.3 Research Question 3
4.4 Research Question 4
4.5 Preliminary Findings
4.6 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF
THE STUDY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDY
5.1 Re-statement of the Problem.
5.2 Summary of Procedure Used
5.3 Principal Findings
5.4 Summary of the Study
5.5.1 Discussion Of Findings
5.6 Conclusion
5.7 Recommendations
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Over the
years there have been many definitions of
entrepreneurship and they have all been acceptable definitions but i
define it as the capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a
business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. The
most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses.
In
economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural resources and
capital can produce profit. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by
innovation and risk-taking, and is an essential
part of a nation's ability to succeed in an ever changing and
increasingly competitive global marketplace.
One can
simply say that entrepreneurship as the pursuit of a self-owned business or
company. Entrepreneurs are people who are willing to take risks to make a
profit, whether by inventing a new product or opening their own company, it is
also the behavior of starting business or taking on financial risk with the
hope of making a profit. Entrepreneurship is almost a way of life. If you have
it in you, then it permeates everything that you do.
Entrepreneurship
is the act of starting a company, arranging business deals and taking risks in
order to make a profit through the skills acquired (Omolayo 2006).
Entrepreneurship education can also be described as the term given to who has
innovative ideas and also posses the ability to transforms it to profitable
activities. Entrepreneurship in other words is the process of bringing together
creative, innovative ideas and coupling these with management and
organizational skills in order to combine people, money and resources to meet
an identified need and create wealth. In the same vein, Nwangwu (2007) opined
that entrepreneurship is a process of bringing together the factors of
production, which include land, labour and capital so as to provide a product
or service for public consumption. However, the operational definition of
entrepreneurship is the willingness and ability of a person or persons to
acquire educational skills to explore and exploit investment opportunities,
establish and manage a successful business enterprise.
Entrepreneur
can be defined as an innovating individual who has developed an ongoing
business activity where none existed before. Meredith (1983) defined an
entrepreneur as a person or persons who possesses the ability to recognize and
evaluate business opportunities, assemble the necessary resources to take
advantage of them and take appropriate action to ensure success. Entrepreneurs
are people who constantly discover new markets and try to figure out how to
supply those markets efficiently and make a profit.
An
Entrepreneur is a person that searches for change, responds to change, and
exploits change by converting change into business opportunity.
Political
instability and inconsistencies in the social-economic policies of successive
government led to the emergence of high level unemployment in Nigeria. In the
mid 80s, the Nigeria economic collapsed while youth and graduate unemployment
hit the roof. There was large-scale layoff of workers and early retirements as
a result of structural adjustment policies and bad economic trends in the
country. In the face of this situation entrepreneurship, which would have
salvaged the situation, was not encouraged. It has been observed that tertiary
education has not been properly included with philosophy of self-reliance such
as creating a new cultural and productive environment, that will promote pride
in self-discipline, encouraging people to take part actively and freely in
discussions and decisions affecting their general welfare, promoting new sets
of attitudes and culture for the attainment of future challenges.
According to
Nwangwu (2007), the failure of tertiary education to inculcate the above
philosophy in students has led to wastages in terms of both human and natural
resources. This is because the youth and graduate from tertiary institutions
are not equipped with the skills with which to exploit the natural resources
that abound in Nigeria. All these factors have rendered the pursuit of
self-reliance among our graduates difficult to retain. Whether technology alone
will be sufficient to achieve an entrepreneurship sustainable future is
unclear. This will depend on public and private support for entrepreneurship
beneficial technologies and the extent to which further growth in world
population and economic output will compromise per capita emissions reductions
and a more efficient use of natural resources.
Sustainable
development is a pattern of economic growth in which resource use aims to meet
human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not
only in the present, but also for generations to come (Paul, 2005). Sustainable
development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems
with the social challenges faced by humanity. Sustainable development requires
balancing environmental, societal and economic considerations in the pursuit of
development and an improved quality of life. Sustainability includes
intergenerational equity, gender equity, just and peaceful societies, social
tolerance, environmental preservation and restoration, poverty alleviation and
natural resource conservation (Paul, 2005). The major essential tool for
achieving sustainable development includes the following:
Improve the
quality of basic education;
Reorient
existing education programmed to address sustainable development;
Develop
public awareness and understanding; and
Provide
training for all sectors of private and civil society.
Education
for Sustainable Development is the focus or projection of education that seeks
to equip people towards creating a sustainable future. Stakeholders such as
government, businesses, educational institutions, media, and organizations play
important roles in achieving sustainable development. Each of these sectors has
a different vision of sustainable development. Some are interested in
environmental preservation and protection; some have economic development
interests while other may be more interested in social development. According
to UNESCO (2003) the way each nation, cultural group and individual views sustainable
development will depend on its own values.
In many
European nations, Universities and technical colleges trained students of
science, economics and business management in skills that helps to build more
sustainable societies. Programs such as Peace Education, Human Right Education,
Environmental Education and Youth Entrepreneur schemes are carried out in many
schools (UNESCO, (2003). Hence, such initiatives help students and teachers to
gain an understanding of the inter-linkages needed for sustainable development
(Paul, 2005). The emphasis has been on education that will provide life and
occupational skills that will enhance the potentials of individual, reinforcing
self-sufficiency and improving quality of life.
Entrepreneurial
competency is defined as the capability of entrepreneurs to face effectively a
critical situation by making sense of environmental constraints and by
activating relational and internal specific resources’ (Iandoli, (2007).
Entrepreneurial competencies are defined as individual’s traits, such as
specific knowledge, motives, features, self images, social roles and abilities
which result in venture’s success. Some entrepreneurial competencies can be
learned through formal education, other competencies are tacit and depend on individual’s
characteristics and are built during the person’s life, experience, and career
(Brownell, (2006).
Entrepreneurial
competencies associated with the firm’s performance and competitiveness
business growth and success (Mitchelmore and Rowley, (2010). Acquiring
entrepreneurial competencies is of key importance for entrepreneurs willing to
achievement oriented entrepreneurs. Issues relating to the competencies
development process relating to entrepreneurs have generally been neglected.
Competencies play an important role in successful entrepreneurship.
Surprisingly, the research on the entrepreneurial competencies is rather
limited (Mitchelmore and Rowley, (2010).
This study
examines the effect of automobile technology students’ competency on entrepreneurship
for sustainable development in Lagos State. Also, change in basic technologies
of production, transport and consumption rather than modifications of existing
products and processes or the adoption of end-of-pipe technologies are also
considered.
However,
such changes alone will be largely insufficient for achieving the ultimate goal
of sustainable development. To achieve that, more fundamental changes in
technology are needed.
1.2 Statement of the problem
There are
basically two ways a graduate can end up , either into the soft skill level
which is gaining employment in a corporate world(white-collar job) or
entrepreneurial skills(business owner) to start one’s own business. In
Nigeria’s economic environment which has unemployment as one of its major
problems, it is of benefit that when a student acquires proper knowledge in
entrepreneurship skills such student would be able to discover what they can
lay their hands on if corporate employment does not come. The importance of
entrepreneurship to any economy is like that of entrepreneurship in any
community. Entrepreneurial activity and the resultant financial gain are always
of benefit to a country. If a student has entrepreneurship skills then they
will recognize a genuine opportunity when you come across one and that makes
unemployment reduction possible.
The present
education system encourages cramming and memory and not on creativity and
practical application of knowledge and this is unhealthy and unstable for a
virile technological advancement and
entrepreneurship development .Also fear of failure by the people to take
risk on entrepreneurial activities, while an unstable and conducive political
environment drives away people that are planning to embark on entrepreneurial
activities hence it does not make knowledge delivery on entrepreneurial skills
available to students.
In addition,
government programs are not designed to promote technological and
entrepreneurship sustainability in Nigeria, the level of infrastructural
development provided by the government is still very low and this has been
affecting to a very high extent the level of productivity and entrepreneurial
activities in the country.Judging by the figures that are coming out of the
Education Ministry in Nigeria, In the last few years, at least 60% of graduates
are not able to get employment immediately. Because of that, they go into one
entrepreneurial venture or another, but unfortunately they have not been
adequately prepared to face the challenges of venturing.
Introduction
of entrepreneurship skills in our curriculum and making it compulsory in
education system in order to prepare students for proper skills needed in
venturing into any business they can after graduating as this will help reduce
unemployment. However, the education institution need to encourage
entrepreneurship skills right from the curriculum itself and government should
also take initiative in encouraging the students by providing conducive climate
for the same.
Teachers and
faculties should motivate students in being interested in this aspect of the
curriculum and it should be emphasized as a very important knowledge that may
be useful after completion of studies.
More so,
Entrepreneurial development through education will advance the economy of the
nation hence much credence should be given to it and ingrained with focus on
profitable personal development. Infrastructure provision and non-profitable
organization invitation into sponsoring various entrepreneurial programs and
funding in institutions is a very important aspect in the growth and
development of entrepreneurship development and employment level of a nation.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The purpose
of the study will be to:
Examine
automobile technology student competency on entrepreneurship.
Find out the
effect of entrepreneurship on sustainable development in Lagos state.
Explores
some of the policy issues in achieving a shift towards a more sustainable
development in Lagos State.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The result
of this studies will be useful to the youth both graduates and undergraduates.
This is because it will help them to be aware, prepare and improve on personal
development of their entrepreneurial skills hence gives chance to those who are
not lucky or do not become gainfully employed in the so called ‘White-Collar’
jobs to start their own business with the little possible finance they lay
their hands on.
Secondly,
The result of the study will be useful to the government as it will lay
emphasis on the various ways in which entrepreneurship skill development in
students can reduce unemployment and also point out the various ways this can
be done and policies that will be put in place to make sure that
entrepreneurial activities can be directed toward productive ends conducive to
economic progress.
Thirdly, the
society is a large faction to gain from this study by making known the
importance of delivering the knowledge of entrepreneurship skills can go a long
way to meet local needs from hairdresser, financial consultant, emergency
plumber and other local but important business owners. This study also talks
about the fear people have in risk of starting a business and how that can be
overcome and how the society is a large factor in the fear that is created in
the mind of someone that wants to start a business.
1.5 Research Questions
This study
will provide answers to the following questions:
What are the
automobile technology student competencies on entrepreneurship?
What are the
policy issues in achieving a shift towards a more sustainable development in
Lagos State?
What are the
effects of entrepreneurship on sustainable development in Lagos state?
To what
extent is automobile technology affect students competency on entrepreneurship
development?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1. There is no significant difference
between students in rural and urban area and competency in entrepreneurship
2. There is no significant difference
between the mean scores of students’ social economic status on entrepreneurship
development
3. There is no significant relationship
between automobile technology and students’ competency on entrepreneurship
development
1.6 Significance of the study
The finding
of the study will equip our general knowledge on the nature of automobile
technology and student’s competency on entrepreneurship with emphasis on
sustainable development on Lagos State.
This
research work is significant because it will assist lecturers, educationists,
parents and students to realize that entrepreneurship development is key to
sustainable development.
Curious readers who are in need of general
information on entrepreneurships will
profit from reading of the project since it will enhance their knowledge on how
sustainable development can be attained.
1.7 Scope of the study
The study
will be mainly on the effects of automobile technology students’ competency on
entrepreneurship for sustainable development in Lagos state. The study will be
limited to secondary schools in Mainland
Local Government Area of Lagos State.
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