THE ROLE OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES: THE CASE STUDY OF AWKA SOUTH LOCAL GOVEERNMENT AREA IN ANAMBRA STATE,NIGERIA
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THE ROLE OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN
RURAL COMMUNITIES: THE CASE STUDY OF AWKA SOUTH LOCAL GOVEERNMENT AREA IN
ANAMBRA STATE,NIGERIA
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL I
CERTIFICATION ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Outline page v
Abstract 1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study 2
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 2
1.3 Research
Questions 3
1.4 Objectives of the study 3
1.5 limitation of the Study 4
1.6 Statement of the Research Hypothesis 4
1.7
Definitions of Terms 4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Issues on SMEs 7
2.2 Conceptual Review of the Study
2.3
Empirical Review 14
2.4 Concept of Poverty 16
2.5 Theoretical Framework 18
2.6 Previous Empirical Studies on the Relationship between SMEs and
Poverty 19
Alleviation
2.7 Alleviating
Poverty through Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Micro, 20
2.8 Alleviating Poverty through Women
Entrepreneurship 21
2.9 Women as
Entrepreneur 22
2.10 Gap in knowledge 23
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study
Area 25
3.2 Research Design 25
3.3 Population Of The Study 25
3.4 sample size 26
3.5 Methods of Data Collection 26
3.6 Analytical
Technique 27
3.7 Source Of Data 28
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION
AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Socio-Economic Profile Of Respondent 29
4.1.1 Age Distribution Of The Respondent 29
4.1.2 Educational Qualification 29
4.2 Nature and Type of
SMEs Businesses in Awka south Area in Anambra State 29
4.2.1 Nature of
Business
31
4.2.2 The
size of Business
32
4.2.3 Ownership
Structure
4.2.4 Year of operation 34
4.3 Assessment
of Income and Employment generating capacity of SMEs 35
4.3.1 Income
Generation 35
4.4 Impact of
SMEs on Living Conditions of Owners 35
4.4.1 Income
Level 36
4.4.2
Toilet Facility 36
4.4.3 Sources
of Water 37
4.4.4 Sources of Energy for Cooking 37
4.4.5 Access to
Medical Care 37
4.4.6
Sources of Electricity/Power
Supply 38
4.4.7
Affordable and Adequate Meal per Day 38
4.4.8 SME’s increase employment 39
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMRARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of the Findings. 42
5.2 Conclusion 42
5.3 Recommendations 43
REFERENCES 44
APPENDIX 48
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My
special thanks goes to the Almighty GOD who made everything possible in his own time because his mercy is
without bounds.
I
would like to thank my main supervisor, Dr. Kevin Onwuka for been there to correct me anytime I made a mistake in the cause of
this research work. His guidance through this few months I spent under his
supervision is greatly appreciated. this work is better for his input and
directions regarding the role of female entrepreneurs in poverty alleviation in
rural communities: this case study of
Awka South Local Government Area Of Anambra State, Nigeria.
My
special thanks goes to the Management of National Open University of Nigeria, especial the Vice Chancellor, Prof.
Dr. Abdalla Uba Adamu for his word of
wisdom and Director of Awka Study Center
and entire Staff of Awka Study Centre.
My
gratitude goes to several of my colleagues in my department who provided first
hand critique of this Study,I am grateful to Eguonye Tonna Obidike among others
that are not mentioned here.
I am sincerely grateful to the entire family of
Mr and Mrs Nwolisa, especially my late Father whose advice and words of
encouragement always guide me in all my endeavors.
Finally
I wish to express appreciation to my mentor Prof. Godwin Onu, who has been the
motivational force behind me I say thank you all for been with me throughout this critical period.
ABSTRACT
The study
assessed the role of female entrepreneurs in poverty alleviation in rural
communities of Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State,
Nigeria. It specifically analysed the socio-economic characteristics of
women entrepreneurship and assessed the contribution of female-owned businesses
to poverty alleviation in the study area. The main reason for this study was
due to the fact that most studies on the relationship between businesses
development and poverty alleviation have concentrated on aggregate effects of
small businesses on poverty reduction with little attention on
gender issue in rural areas. The study employed primary data. The
target population was all the women-owned enterprises from eight communities
in Awka South Local Government Area in Anambra State of Nigeria. Data were
collected from primary source, using questionnaire on a sample of 205
female-0wned enterprises. Responses of the respondents were
analysed using percentages and the chi-square tests were carried out to support
the analysis. The study therefore concluded that female-owned
microenterprises have played key role in poverty alleviation among
the businesses’ owners in Awka Division through income generation and job
creation.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
Poverty is one of the main economic
problems facing most countries in the world. There have been several strategies
to tackle poverty in its various forms and dimensions. Of
recent, there
has been a shift from the capital intensive large-scale industrial
policy to Small-scale policy as small scale industries viewed as
a sector that creates substantial employment opportunities as they are
relatively labour intensive. In the light of this, different levels
of government in Nigeria have embraced the challenge of promoting small and
medium enterprises since 1986 through the Small Scale Enterprises Programme
(SSEP) as an engine for economic growth. There are many studies on the
relationship between small businesses development and poverty rates and overall
microeconomic performance on the basis of aggregate time series data. But most
of the studies have neglected the individual traits of businesses and gender
issue, and with less attention on rural areas. This study is gender sensitive
as it investigates the roles of small businesses owned by women in rural areas
in poverty alleviation.
1.2 Statement
of the Research Problem
In
view of the escalating level of poverty in developing countries constituting a
serious problem to economic growth and welfare state of the citizenry,
various policies were implemented which could not significantly impact on
the level of poverty. The failure of various reforms and
development programmes to impact on the level of welfare of the citizens in
terms of poverty reduction particularly through employment generation,
triggered the reappraisal of the role and importance of small and medium sized enterprises
as a viable channel to attaining economic growth and development especially in
terms of reducing the poverty level in the economy as was witnessed in the
developmental progress and economic transformation of some developed countries.
In most developing countries, attention has not been
focussed on development of businesses owned by women due to the
perception of their traditional role at home. In
Nigeria, there are few studies on the actual contribution of the
women-owned micro, small or medium enterprises (SMEs) to employment creation,
income generation and wealth creation in rural areas, hence this study.
1.3 Research Questions
The study
addressed the following questions.
(i) What are the characteristics of Female
business owners in rural areas in Anambra .
State, Nigeria.
(ii) Has the establishment of the
female-owned enterprises alleviated poverty?
1.4
Objectives of the study
The broad objective of this study is
to assess the role of small and medium businesses owned by women in
reducing poverty in Awka south Local Government Area in Anambra
state, Nigeria through job creation and income generation. The specific
objectives are to:
i. Analyse the
characteristics of female business owners in Anambra
ii. Assess the
extent to which the SMEs have reduced poverty among the
female owners in Anambra.
1.5
limitation of the Study
Some
factors may limit the level of accuracy and reliability of this study. Factors
include:
i. difficulty
in obtaining data
ii. Low
response rate from individual parties.
In
the absence of the above mentioned limitations, all other errors and omissions
are entirely those of the researcher.
1.6 Statement of the Research
Hypothesis
This
study would be guided by the following hypothesis
Ho:
Participation in SMEs by female does not improve the standard of living.
Hi:
participation in SMEs by female improves the standard of living
1.7
Definitions of Terms
i. Entrepreneur :Someone who exercises initiative by
organizing a venture to take benefit of an opportunity and, as the decision
maker, decides what, how, and how much of a good or service will be produced.
ii. Entrepreneurship: this is
the process of designing, launching and running a new business,i.e. a start-up
company offering a product, process or service. It has been defined as a
capacity and the willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture
along with any of its risks in order to make profit.
According to economist Joseph Alois
Schumpeter (1883-1950), entrepreneurs are not necessarily motivated by profit
but regard it as a standard for measuring achievement or success
iii Poverty:
United Nations: Fundamentally, poverty is the
inability of getting choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity.
It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means
not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to
go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s
living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and
exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility
to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments,
without access to clean water or sanitation.
iv.World Bank: Poverty is pronounced deprivation in
well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the
inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with
dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor
access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of
voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one’s life.
v Small and medium-sized enterprises:
these are business whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits. The
abbreviation SMES is used in European Unions and by international organizations
such as the World Bank, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. Small
enterprises outnumber large companies by a wide margin and also employe many
more people. SMES are said to be responsible for driving innovation and
competition in many economic sectors
Alleviation: Reduction of or freedom from
suffering and pains.
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