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PUBLIC LIBRARIES AS A RURAL
EXTENSION AGENT: A CASE OF ONITSHA DIVISIONAL LIBRARY
ABSTRACT
This
work describes the present nature of the extension service of the public
library with reference to Onitsha Divisional Library. Literature review was
carried out giving an in-depth into the local information service, outreach
service and means of maintenance of extension service for continued existence
and method of operating book mobile/users need. Data explanation given with
condensed summary of research questions places included in the study. The government
needs to put more effort to see that the needs of the extension section of
Onitsha Divisional resources and physical effort towards their achievement.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE - - - - - - - - -
CERTIFICATION - - - - - - - -
DEDICATION - - - - - - - - -
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - - - -
ABSTRACT - - - - - - - - -
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION - - - - - - -
1.1
BACKGROUND TO
THE STUDY AND HISTORY - -
1.2
STATEMENT OF
PROBLEMS - - - - -
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF
THE STUDY - - - - -
1.4
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY - - - - - -
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE
TO THE STUDY - - - -
1.6
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS - - - - - -
1.7
DEFINITION OF
TERMS - - - - - -
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE - - - - - -
2.1 LOCAL INFORMATION SERVICE - - - -
2.2 OUTREACH SERVICES/EXTENSION SERVICES -
2.3 OTHER MEANS AND TECHNIQUES FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF
EXTENSION SERVICE FOR ITS CONTINUED EXISTENCE
2.4 METHOD OF OPERATING BOOK MOBILE - -
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - - - - -
3.1 DESIGN OF THE STUDY - - - - - -
3.2 AREA OF THE STUDY - - - - - -
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY - - - - -
3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE - - -
3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION - - -
3.6 VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT - - - - -
3.7 RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT - - - `- -
3.8 DISTRIBUTION AND RETRIEVAL OF INSTRUMENT -
3.9 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES - - - - -
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 PRESENTATION AND DATA FINDINGS
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION/DISCUSSION OF
FINDINGS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
SUMMARY OF
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER SRUDIES - - -
5.1 SUMMARY - - - - - - - -
5.2 CONCLUSION - - - - - - - -
5.3 RECOMMENDATION - - - - - - -
5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH STUDIES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The fundamental aim of libraries is to
provide timely, accurate and reliable information for users. According to Olowu
(2004) librarians are devoted to improving access to information and satisfying
the users paramount. Public libraries takes an integral part in national
socio-economic development and improvement of general quality of life. Public
library according to a professional librarian Elizabeth H. Thompson (1971) is
an institution that exists to serve all residents of a community, district or
region and receives its financial support as a whole or part from government
fund. Public libraries in Nigeria, however, has been mostly limited to urban
areas, that has resulted in illiteracy and ignorance among young people in
rural areas. In Nigeria, a majority of the population lives in remote areas.
Some of these areas are only accessible by boat or bicycle. The inhabitants of
these rural areas are without education. The library can only play an important
role in the advancement of knowledge. This role can be effectively carried out
with well structured and well planned library services. Library services
include the packaging and repackage of information, have been provided in
Nigeria for many decades (Iwhiwhu, 2008) unfortunately, a number of problems
inhibits the provision of efficient library service in rural areas of Anambra and
other parts of the country. These include lack of physical infrastructure, lack
of technologies(ICT) illiteracy, language barrier and poverty etc.
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The creation of public library service
is perhaps one of the most important social and cultural developments of the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The history of public library may be traced
to the public reference library which began as a gift of a private library,
through the transfer of monetary on cathedral library to public use. The
libraries were poorly housed except a few of them which were in architecturally
elegant surrounding.
The development of public library in
Nigeria become noticed in the second half of the twentieth century. Prior to
that date, there were reading room which were scattered in the various parts of
Nigeria. Some private libraries were opened to the public or at least to
individual scholars. The bulk of materials in the reading rooms were pamphlets,
newspapers and antiquated books which were left behind by the expatriates.
The “read rooms” were either the unused
rooms of the city halls or rented room or a discarded building within the
church premises, there were no fixed hours of opening and closing. There was
absence of professional librarians, it was under the care of
attendant/caretaker.
The world war gave rise to the
development of many reading rooms in the important towns in Nigeria. Lagos
territory alone had more than three; reading rooms were located at Calabar,
Port Harcourt, Kaduna, Jos, Enugu and Kano. The stock were newspapers, war
reports pamphlets and few books which were intended to disseminate news about
the war especially the performance of the allied forces. The reading rooms were
established by the Public Relations Department but were managed by the Native
Authority (NA).
At the end of the World War II, few
reading rooms survived. And for those that survived, there was great progress
because British council introduced new scheme “Book Box” Traveling Scheme” by
this scheme, Reading rooms/libraries or schools paid a subscription fee of Ten
Naira annually for three book with 60 different books.
The desire of the public library
heightened after the War. In 1953, the UNESCO organized “the seminar on the
development of public libraries in Africa, the seminar was held at the
university of Ibadan and it resolved to assist any country in Africa who showed
interest to set up a public library.
The government of Eastern Region of
Nigeria, under the premiership of Rt. Hon Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, was the first in
Nigeria and indeed in Africa to grab the opportunity. UNESCO was invited to
Enugu the regional capital to help start a public library. In 1955, the first
library legislation was passed by the Eastern Nigeria house of Assembly. It
created the library board which was authorized to provide public library
service to people.
1.1.1 A BRIEF
HISTORY OF ANAMBRA STATE LIBRARY
Anambra state is one of the thirty six
states in Nigeria. It was carved out from the former east central state. On the
25th of august, 1991 the old Anambra state was divided into two
states known as Enugu and Anambra State. Although the old Anambra state and Imo
state were legally carved out from the former east central state on the 1st
of April 1976. Both of them continued to maintain a central library service
under the East Central Library Board until on 31st August, 1976,
assets of former east central state library were shared and the library staff
who were of Imo State left for Owerri with their own share of the library
materials.
Majority of the library staff were of
Imo State origin, so Anambra was left with only six qualified library staff to
man the state central library and two Mobile Library Van which the state
inherited.
On the 10th of September,
1976, the state library board was constituted and inaugurated on the 14th
of November, 1976. The first business meeting of the board was held on 27th
November 1976 two mobile libraries were launched for Enugu and Onitsha on the 4th
February, 1977. Then Anambra State library system comprises the state central
library at Enugu and four divisional libraries which were established at
Onitsha, Anambra, Nsukka and Abakaliki. There were also three smaller branch
libraries at Ajalli, Nkpologwu and Ihembosi.
On the 27th August, 1991, new
states were created bringing the states of the federation to thirty, the old
Anambra state was split into Enugu and Anambra State respectively following the
development, the development, the assets of the former Anambra state library
system were shared and Enugu state inherited the state’s central library at
Enugu. Members of the library staff who were of Anambra state origin left for
Awka (the state capital). Here a temporary site was found for the library
stock. However, plans are being made for the establishment of new Anambra state
central library.
1.1.2 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
ONITSHA DIVISIONAL LIBRARY
The Divisional Library Onitsha were
situated along Enugu Road near Central Police Station or opposite Sport Club in
Onitsha Anambra State. The library building was designed in 1965 by a firm,
James Cubit and partners F/A. A.R.I.B.A. It was completed and open on the 26th
November 1996 under his Excellency Lt Col, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
M.A.J.S.S.C, Military Governor of Eastern Nigeria when public library
development in the eastern Nigeria set the peace in the country and maintain a
high standard of excellence. This library was the fourth and last public/divisional
library embarked upon by the then eastern regional government before the
outbreak of Civil War in July, 1967. At the end of the 30 months of fratricidal
Civil War, there were lots of looting in the library. Many valuable materials
including chairs, tables were either stolen or burnt. Only the main structure
remains with its windows, doors and other fittings damaged. At a time, when
most other building were no longer standing the structure was temporarily used
during the second held of 1971 as the Onitsha high court.
Before the actual reactivation started May
1972 anxious students and readers were already using their own improvised table
and chairs for the purpose of study. Credit for the reconstruction of this
building goes to the ministry of works and housing Onitsha, particularly Mr.
R.A. Obioha who was the task leader for Onitsha, for helping immensely towards
its construction.
The building was officially opened on 8th
June 1973 by the honourable commissioner for information and home affairs, Chief
C.A. Abangwu in the presence of the members of the Board and crowd of
distinguished quests.
In this building the public department
comprises adult lending and children section and reference section are located
on the ground floor, located on the ground floor are auditorium for library
extension activities such as firm show, lecture and symposia. A mobile garage
and loading and staff room and librarian room are also located upstairs.
Onitsha divisional library was designed
to accommodate forty thousand volumes of books. Although after the war more and
more books borrowed by the readers before the war were returned and sent to the
cataloging section at Enugu for reallocation to divisional libraries as at the
end of this period the following are the details of their books.
Adult
lending Non Friction 5019
Friction 1121
Reference 1284
Children
section Non friction 1152
Friction 1189
Reference 142
Staff
library and librarian office 104
Total = 10,
011
As a result of increase in number of
primary and tertiary school in the state, soon after the civil war, a lot of
effort are geared towards meeting up with the information needs of the users.
SERVICES HOURS OF THE LIBRARY
The service hours of the library can be
represented as follows:
|
Table one
|
|
Opening hours
|
|
Service
|
Days
|
|
|
1. Administration
|
Mon – Friday
|
8am – 6pm
|
|
2. Adult lending and reference service
|
Mon – Saturday
|
8am – 6pm
|
|
3. Children’s section
|
Mon – Friday
|
9.00am
– 7.00pm
|
|
4. Children’s section
|
Saturday
|
9am – 7pm
|
THE EXTENSION SERVICE OF THE
LIBRARY
Among the extension activities of the
library are the children’s library film shows, and the mobile service. On
Saturday children gather from 9am to 1pm for their study hour and film show.
Other service in this unit include songs, quiz competitions and debate, there
is also drama presentation, games drawing and painting modeling, which is
always organize in the long vacation. To achieve this the librarian will visit nearby
schools both primary and secondary and write a letter to their respective
parents so that they will be able to release their children to the program at
the end of every program gift were shared among the children. The library unit
also organizes lecture, seminal, symposia and film show for adults. When they
launched the van, used in operating mobile library, the mobile library served
school and government department in the neighbouring local government areas.
The route the divisional library cover are
as follows:
Route
1 zone 1
Ifite
Ukpo, Onitsha Enugu-ukwu, Awkuzu Ogidi, Nawfia, Nteje, Umulere, Ogbunike,
Aguleri, Umudioka, Ugwuoba, Otuocha, Umunachi, Abagana, Oba, Odaekpe, Agu-ukwu,
Ojoto, Atani, Oraifite, Ichi, Akiri-ozizo, Okija, Nnewi, Obosi, Ihiala, Ozobulu
and Uli.
Although after the division of the old
Anambra State into Enugu and Anambra State respectively in August 1991, the
state of the former state library were shared which posed some problem to the
activities of new Anambra State Library system. The mobile library unit was highly
affected. However, it believes that this section will resume duties as soon as funds
are made available.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The various problems that militate
against the extension service are numerous, among which are:
i.
Lack of
qualified trained librarian to man the library and the mobile library units.
ii.
The problem of
artificial barriers like bad roads which make the library material in
accessible for mobile library van to some services point.
iii.
Inadequacy of
security which always result in book mutilation or stealing the book by the
library users.
iv.
Lack of fund
to stock and maintain the mobile library units.
v.
Incessant
transfer of teachers and student which at times makes it difficult to recover
borrowed materials.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are as follows:
i.
To examine the
development, organization, care and housing of the collection in the extension
services of the divisional library.
ii.
To evaluate
the services rendered in the outreach section of the Onitsha Divisional
Library.
iii.
To discover
the problems that may be impending effective outreach service of the Onitsha
Divisional Library.
iv.
To know the
method of acquisition of the Onitsha Divisional Library.
v.
To know if the
material adequate for the people that desire them or the people served.
vi.
To recommend
effective way of solving the problem discovered.
1.4
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study will be
restricted to the extension or outreach service of Onitsha Divisional Library.
References can be made to other section of the library but greater attention
will be paid to the section under investigation.
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE TO THE STUDY
The important of this study is centered on
i.
To provide the
necessary information about practice of rural extension service to the
community by the outreach section of public library.
ii.
To ex-ray the
assistance provided by this section on adult education programmes.
iii.
To help
student or researchers understand the importance of public library as rural
extension agents.
iv.
To educate
users and the public on the use of the public library material especially, the
extension section.
v.
To get readers
informed of the prospects and problems of public libraries on rural extension
service.
1.6
RESEARCH QUESTION
In every research work, the researcher
has something in mind to be achieved, therefore questions has been raised to
enable the researcher achieve her purpose of carrying out the research work.
i.
How does the
Divisional Library developed, organize and care for the housing of collection
in extension service.
ii.
What type of
services are rendered in the outreach section of the Divisional Library.
iii.
What are the
problems impending effective service of the library.
iv.
How are the
library materials acquired.
v.
Is the
material adequate for the people that need them.
1.7
DEFINITION OF TERMS
i.
LIBRARY
This is a place professionally selected
and acquired books and non-books material are processed and orderly arranged to
make for easy location and use.
A library is also a building containing
collections of books, periodicals and sometimes film and recorded music for use
or borrowing by the public or the member of institution.
ii.
EXTENSION
SERVICE
This is the provision of the library
materials and service outside the library’s regulation service center or
outlet.
This is an educational opportunity
provided by colleges and universities to people who are not enrolled as regular
students.
iii.
RURAL AREA
This simply means a geographic area that
is located outside cities and towns.
iv.
PUBLIC LIBRARY
This is a nonprofit library established
for the use of the general public and maintained chiefly by the public fund.
CHAPTER TWO
2.1
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The extension service of the public
library is a special service provided by the public libraries for the people
living far from the branch library and it requires special attention.
The investigator ventured into the field
of literature in the field under review and some of the works received are
mainly information materials in monographs, journals, newspaper and magazine.
The objectives were to examine some of
these materials in relation to the research work topic.
Literature therefore presents a record
of the achievement of human race. The literature of a subject is its
foundation. Some literature has been written on the extension service of the
library in general, but not much has been written on the extension service of
the public library in particular.
Therefore, in making review of the
extension service of the public library, I consider the following subjects.
i.
Local or rural
information service of the librarians.
ii.
Outreach
service of the public library.
iii.
Means of the
maintenance of the extension service for its continued existence.
iv.
Method of
operating book mobile/users needs.
2.2
LOCAL INFORMATION SERVICE
According to Aboyade (2001), the public
library is established to provide material, which communicate experience and
ideas from one person to another and make them easily and freely available to
all people. The public library is a local centre of information that makes all
kinds of knowledge and information readily available to its users.
It is established, supported and funded by
the community, either, through local, regional or national government or
through some other form of community organization. It provides access to
knowledge, information and works of imagination through a range of resources
and service; it is equally available to all members of the community regardless
of race, nationality, age, gender, religion, language, disability, employment
status and educational attainment.
Peter Mann (2000) did remark in the local
information and local studies, the public librarian provide materials about the
history of their country or locality. There is a huge range of material
available including country and parish histories, maps, photographs, drawing
and records and newspapers. In some cases the main local history collection
will be in the country library so you should check this at your local branch.
Library services are also using technology to these services, making it easier
for users to locate interesting information for local and national collection.
2.3
OUTREACH SERVICE/EXTENSION SERVICE
The public libraries brings the library
to those who cannot come to the library via service like homebound delivery of
materials, mini branch libraries and programs in retirement homes, schools
community and civic, groups can also utilize the library’s outreach service for
programs and speaker community meeting.
The outreach service department strives
to create and implement library programs that are inclusive and culturally
responsive to traditionally marginalized populations. The services offered are
usually outside the library district building and are provided in both English
and local language.
They work with the local organization to
reach communities that are geographically isolated from library services,
individuals economically stressed and communities that are culturally isolated.
The New York library helps non-English
speaking and other immigrants understand and interact with the culture,
government and educational system of the United State. Classes are for people
who want to learn and improve their English.
The extension service or outreach
service include:
-
Service to the underserved: The library service are organized for schools and
visit to children libraries in arrangement with teacher librarian.
During weekend, extension services are
organized with lessons on the use of library inform of film shows, stories
reading and language study for children, library services are brought to the
door step and these are to achieved by mobile library that carries books to
service points such as school, hostels, hospitals, local government
headquarters and prisons as well as retaliation centres. Quick unlike in the
days before now, information is now taken to the door step of all, those it may
be useful to, it also benefit the blind, this is because in a situation where
the public library could not provide reading material or other alternative to
the blind because of cost. It should obtain suppliers from the national library
or from the talking book service for the blind. Public libraries provides
service to the patients in hospitals, hospitals staff, books, newspaper and
periodicals one served to the patients, medical and nursing staff. In order to
excel in these other activities, the library service did well by establishing a
specialist certificate in hospitals librarianship and public manuals of guardians
for hospitals and prison librarians.
Public librarians can carry out such
service through its mobile service and individual visit by its staff. Small
loan collections, charged from time and operated by prison staff officer can
so, and it has been found that the books were well used and well of great value
to prisoners Gufta, Sushima (2004:5).
The library has ceased to mean a store
where books are kept, checked, secured and locked, rather a modern library may
contain some other items like films, audio-visual cassettes, records, pictures
and micro films and the materials are always at the users convenience. She went
further to say the libraries are not trying to serve their clientele at their
door steps with the use of mobile library and that special type of library
which is set up at the rural area is called community implementation centres,
community library or rural information center.
Also according to Platt (1999:24) in his
libraries is colleges of education “opened at the underserved as well as the
handicapped should be provided with adequate information so as to keep them
abreast of the current situation of things with the society and to make them
have a sense of belonging.
Maidment W.R. (1996:111) stress that,
every year some enterprising librarians
introduces a new extension of his service, sometimes simple and expensive
schemes are provided, like grave send collection of dig sand puzzle for
mentally handicapped children.
Current awareness service can be another
type of extension service of public libraries. This is done by production of
pamphlet containing information on library holding in one or more subject
areas.
Display
The best exhibition public library can boast of
his having the display of its important publication available at any point in
time. And to make the library a very attractive reading system. It can also be
called the current awareness services of the public library. The library can
only achieve this display near railway station lobbies of government building
and hospitals Onwurah (2014:35).
Before the idea of display were
introduced clienteles, including the underserved find it difficult to know the
holding of a library. As soon as this idea was originated, people from the
rural communities began to have more idea of what the library material is all
about. This display contain new publication on specific subject at the level of
the reader.
Data, S.A. (1977:15) opines library
display as a small exhibition of books usually one or more related subject and
sometime around the library.
The aim of such display is to make the
library perform kind of current awareness service (CAS) the important place
where those display are done are windows of shops and lobbies of hotels.
LOCAL COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT
Some communities are situated in a
remote area that they can only know the current information through local
collection development.
Local collection by definition is being
out and tracking down any publication relevant to the field of the readers.
The public library is for the benefit of
the community that establish it therefore, top on its collection should be;
i.
Local history
materials like play, folktales, drama, depicting the culture of the community
being served.
ii.
Music scores
emphases on the art of people
iii.
Mounted illustration,
frame, production of paintings and important festivals, ceremonies and other
occasions of the locality. All these are methods of information knowledge
education recreation, aesthetic appreciation and cultural enjoyment.
2.4 OTHER MEANS AND TECHNIQUES FOR
THE MAINTENANCE OF EXTENSION SERVICE FOR ITS CONTINUED EXISTENCE
The other techniques of information
dissemination outside the use of books and non-book materials include the use
of public address system employment of the service of the villages, town
criers, the use of posters and media houses.
The techniques were not known before
because the rural communities have not expressed their feelings for all the
services. When it was realized by the outreach section or units it became good
tools for more extensions information dissemination. The public address system
are sometimes placed on cars, while they move about. But the most traditional
address systems are sometimes good tools for more extension.
Traditional method of information dissemination
in most Nigeria communities include the employment of the service of town
parliament, places of worship, cultural festivals, meetings, market places and
chance mating on the way to form rivers spring and farms.
Important notice are usually given in
a well decorated poster and pasted on conspicuous places. The poster attracts
the attention of anyone who passes by the place and provides a lot of
information. Information is also disseminated through the media such as
television and radio station and newspaper houses. Sometimes relevant
information is composed as sings and poems and recited at intervals through the
media houses, public gathering and meeting. This is known as slogan, slogan is
very effective means of disseminating information. In conclusion, one does not
need to be in school before he could be provided with relevant information for
overall human visit the library.
2.5
METHODS OF OPERATING BOOK MOBILE
To operate a book mobile will involve a
lot of arrangement. The arrangement will focus on the route, the availability
of material and resources, first is the fraud, before a book mobile can be put
into effective use, fund must be available for the purchase of books and
preparing of mobile van, No mobile library van operate without the necessary
fund required to carry out its function.
Normally, before practicing this mobile
library service the route with the book mobile will visit, will first be mapped
out by the branch librarian, the librarian or his deputy will visit the route area
and schedule the running time with them, i.e. duration of stop time and
delivery.
The practice the person have to register
and provide his or her profile with correct address. During operation
pamphlets, serial publication like journals together with audio-visual material
are carried along. In the remote areas of the community, these materials are
displayed and people, especially farmers, schools, Hospital staff are taught
the importance of these materials. At times farmers who need information on their
career assemble together at the service point to be educated more by the mobile
staff.
In the village where large percentage of
the entire population are not aware of current information about deadly
diseases like AIDS, Tuberculosis etc. the mobile library carries some important
pamphlets and books were there is current information on these diseases. The
rural people are explained the importance of these books and need to buy them, like
on Onitsha Divisional Library, the mobile library has book depot at Dennis
Memorial Grammar School, where people use to purchase those materials. All
these are some method of operating book mobile.
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