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INTRODUCTION
INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL ACTION ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The
education sub-sector especially tertiary institutions in Nigeria have witnessed
in recent time incessant closures due to industrial actions. The effect of
these repeated closures of schools and academic programs on students’ learning
effectiveness can better be imagined than described. Tertiary education in
Nigeria has thus suffered tremendous setbacks as a result of industrial actions
by both the academic (ASUU) and the non academic staffs. This has always
subjected the students to pitiable conditions, disrupting academic programs,
giving students’ undeserved extension in their study years, poor students’
concentration on academic programs and poor lecturer-student relationships
amongst others. Consequently, students’ academic performance has comparatively
become so low while various forms of examination malpractice are on the
increase.
University
worldwide is regarded as the citadel of learning, the fountain of intellectual
development and a ground for the production of leaders of tomorrow. According to
Ike (1999) a university fulfills, one major function, it is a knowledge and value provider, in other words,
a university progresses when it is able to provide knowledge and value and when
it is not properly managed by the administrators and staff, it then fails in
its function of providing knowledge and value. This according to Nwankwo (2000)
explains why merit has been the watchword in the university system – an
institution in which a student must first be certified worthy in character and
learning before being admitted into the Honors Degree.
The role of
universities in human capital development, research and technological
innovation cannot be under evaluated. All over the world investment in
University education is a critical component of national development effort.
Nations today depend increasingly on knowledge, ideas and skills which are
produced through researches in the universities. Nations invest in university
education because society expects it to contribute to national development in
three principal ways. First, society expects its university to produce the
highly skilled personnel in technology, engineering, management and other
professions; secondly, universities have the responsibility of producing their
own corps of academic personnel that is, the intellectual resource pool that
will, through scientific research generate new knowledge and innovation to
solve developmental problems. Thirdly, universities produce teachers,
administrators and managers for other levels of human resources development
institutions.
The main
union whose incessant industrial action takes a heavy toll on the academic
performance of the students is the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU).
The union was formed in 1978, a successor to the Nigerian Association of
University Teachers formed in 1965 and covering academic staff in the
University of Ibadan, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria, University of Ife and University of Lagos. In the 80’s, the union was
active in its struggles against the military regime. In 1988 the union
organized a National an industrial action to obtain fair wages and university
autonomy. As a result, the ASUU was proscribed on August 7, 1988 and all its
property seized. It was allowed to resume in 1990, but after another industrial
action, it was again banned on August 23, 1992. However, an agreement was
reached on September 3, 1992 that met several of the union's demands including
the right of workers to collective bargaining. The ASUU organized further
industrial actions in 1994 and 1996, protesting against the dismissal of staff
by the Sani Abacha military regime. After the return to democracy in 1999 with
the Nigerian Fourth Republic, the union continued to be militant in demanding
the rights of university workers against opposition by the government of
President Olusegun Obasanjo. In July 2002, the national president of ASUU,
petitioned Justice Mustapha Akanbi of the Independent Corrupt Practices
Commission to investigate the authorities of the University of Ilorin for
financial mismanagement and corruption.
In 2007,
ASUU embarked on an industrial action for three months. In May 2008, it held
two week 'warning strikes' to press a range of demands, including an improved
salary scheme and reinstatement of forty-nine lecturers who were dismissed from
University of Ilorin in 1998. In June 2009 ASUU ordered its members in federal
and state universities nationwide to proceed on an indefinite strike over
disagreements with the Federal Government's on an agreement it reached with the
union about two and a half years ago. After three months of industrial action,
in October 2009, ASUU and other staff unions signed a memorandum of
understanding with the government and called off the industrial action.
Prior to the
last industrial action embarked on by ASUU, the National Executive Council
(NEC), of the Union met from Tuesday 29th November to Thursday 1st December
2011 at the University of Port- Harcourt to review, among other things: the
level of implementation of the 2009 ASUU/Government Agreement; the extent of compliance with the 2011 ASUU/FGN Memorandum
of Understanding (MoU) on the implementation of the Agreement; Government’s
unilateral dissolution of Universities’ Governing Councils; the on-going
institutional accreditation and the state of the Nation, including the issue of
alleged removal of fuel subsidy, but the lack of understanding between the two
parties led to an indefinite strike embarked upon by the Union for fifty-nine
days. It was later called off on the 1st of February, 2012. ASUU again went on
a warning strike on 30th August, 2012. All these have left an unfavorable mark
on the academic activities of the University students and it has also affected
the academic calendar and the performance of the students. On 1st of July,
2013, ASUU embarked upon another Six months industrial action which was called
off on the 17th of December, 2013 which really affected the Nigerian
undergraduates leading to the involvement of students in many unwholesome
activities. Often times, these incessant agitations by ASUU usually triggers
industrial action by sister associations such as NASU, SSANU etc.
Industrial
action or strike is workers’ refusal to work as protest for inadequate service
or poor condition. In the education sector, industrial actions by academic and
non academic staffs can lead to students’ examination malpractice, corruption
and other social vices in the society. Strike is a social ill not different
from corruption because it eats into students’ time which makes it difficult
for students to be fully and properly ‘baked’ within the designated educational
time frame. As a result, ‘products’ that are ill-equipped in both character and
learning are turned out to the society. This research is targeted at examining
the effect of these industrial actions on the academic performance of the
students of the Ekiti State University.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The demand
of ASUU and other industrial unions in the Nigerian Universities is that
government should fulfill an agreement it reached with them in 2009 on how to
save the nation’s universities from collapse. On the other hand, government is
proposing a piecemeal selective approach. There is no doubt that education is
too vital to the survival of any nation that it should be treated as a subject
beyond politics or evasive polemics. It is not deniable that Nigeria is
presently not doing enough, by world standards, in the funding of her
children’s education. As far as the government is concerned, there are other competing
items for the limited funds available and government is not doing enough in the
infrastructural development of the Nigerian Universities.
This has
caused serious altercations between government and these industrial unions
including ASSU resulting into persistent industrial actions. The incessant
industrial action by the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) and all
these industrial unions has inadvertently affected the academics of university
students; it usually poses a lot of challenges to their study duration,
performance in examinations and their final grading. The students are kept away
from school for a long time; most of them are completely cut off from academics
as conditions at home may not favor productive and rigorous academic exercise.
The students and their parents become frustrated because of long expectation of
school resumption that is far from sight. Some of the students while at home
doing nothing get engaged in other things other than academics. In some cases
they are easy recruits for criminal activities, such as armed robbery,
kidnapping, and rape and on the other hand encourage cultism. This has made
them a problem to the society peace and order in Nigeria. However the extent to
which staffs of the universities including ASUU strikes affects student’s
academic performance require a close examination and this research is geared
towards examining the extent to which it has affected the performance of
students particularly in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general
objective of the study is to examine influence of industrial actions on the
academic performance of students in Ekiti State University EKSU. Specific objectives are:
To examine
the perception of an average university student on industrial action by Labour
unions in the university including Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU).
To determine
whether industrial action by the staffs of the universities has influence on
the reading habits of students during the disruption in academic activities
period.
To assess
the extent to which disruption in academic program in Universities influence
students’ learning effectiveness.
To determine
whether Industrial Actions by Lecturers significantly contribute to low CGPA of
students.
To examine
whether industrial actions have direct influence on students’ overall academic
performance.
To determine whether industrial actions
motivate students to learn.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In order to
guide the study and achieve the research objectives of the study, the following
research questions were formulated in line with the objectives:
What is the
perception of an average university student on industrial action by Labour
unions in the university including Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU)?
To what
extent does industrial action by the staffs of the universities influence
students’ reading habits?
To what
extent would disruption in academic program in Nigerian universities due to
ASUU strike influence students’ learning effectiveness?
Do Industrial actions significantly contribute
to Low CGPA of students?
Do Industrial actions have direct influence on
students’ overall academic performance?
Do industrial actions motivate students to
learn?
1.5 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
1. Ho: Students have a negative perception about
industrial actions carried out by academic staff of Universities.
Hi: Students
have a positive perception about industrial actions carried out by academic
staff of Universities.
2. Ho: Industrial actions do not influence
reading habits of students when academic activities are disrupted.
Hi:
Industrial actions have influence reading habits of students when academic
activities are disrupted.
3. Ho: There is no significant relationship
between industrial actions and learning effectiveness of students.
Hi: There is
a significant relationship between industrial actions and learning
effectiveness of students.
4. Ho: There is no significant relationship
between industrial actions and low CGPA of students.
Hi: There is
a significant relationship between industrial actions and low CGPA of students.
5. Ho: There is no significant relationship
between industrial actions and overall academic performance of students.
Hi: There is
a significant relationship between industrial actions and overall academic
performance of students.
6. Ho: Industrial actions do not motivate
students to learn.
Hi:
Industrial actions motivate students to learn.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
research will add to the body of knowledge by enlightening the students on how
they can cope with the unfavorable industrial actions embarked upon by
University’s staffs, so as to enable them perform as expected in their studies.
Furthermore, this study would also help to further research and add to
knowledge build-up in the university. Again from this study, students would be
able to device exemplary means of ensuring excellent performance even with the
occurrence of a strike action by the various labour unions in the university including
the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU). Policy makers may also find
the outcome of the study useful for future planning in tackling the menace by
reducing the incessant industrial actions to the barest minimum.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY/LIMITATION OF STUDY
This study
on the influence of industrial action on the academic performance of the
student of the Ekiti State University will cover all the issues of industrial
action in Nigerian universities focusing on the Ekiti State University and the perception
of students about it.
Limitation
of the Study
The
researcher in the course of this work encountered certain constraints which
are:
1) Time constraint as the research work
is combining with other academic activities.
2) Second is the dearth of information
such as low respond from respondent due to one reason or the other.
3) Lastly in financial constraint
occasioned by the need for continuous sorting for information material.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Industrial
action: a protest in which workers show that they disagree with a policy of
their employer
Performance:
the accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of
accuracy and completeness
Infrastructure:
the basic physical and organizational structure and facilities e.g. building,
roads, power supply etc.
Funding: a
sum of money or other resources set apart for a specific objective.
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