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INSECURITY
IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND RESOLUTIONS
ABSTRACT
Since
Nigeria got her independence from Britain in 1960, the country’s political
structural arrangement has been under one central government called Federal
Government (via a Federal Republic) and was blessed with unquantifiable
natural, human and material resources. In spite of that, the average Nigerian’s
income per capita does not give the real picture due to the high income
inequalities in the country. As majority of Nigerians are living in abject
poverty, particularly in the Northeastern area. However, under the Federal
system arrangement, instead of having a smooth level of interaction among
individual ethnic groups, cultures, traditions and religions, there thrives a
persistent lack of trust among Nigerians due to fear of domination,
marginalization, control and intolerance. This ugly development led to the
acquisition of fire arms among ethnic, political, religious and social militia
groups. Similarly, with the return of the country to democratic rule, the
situation has worsened with the politicians prosecuting their political
ambitions. Furthermore, the situation also became more terrible when these
groups started fighting government and its agencies. As a result, many people
were killed while millions of people were displaced and properties worth
millions of naira were also destroyed more especially in the North-east and
north central areas. The insecurity situation in the country was alleged to
have been attributed to some factors. Among this include poor government
policies, corruption, poverty, unemployment, poor leadership, weak judiciary
system etc. Consequently, this affected the region economically, socially,
politically etc. Finally, recommendations were made and that Government should
improve standard of living of the people through the creation of more
entrepreneurship centers across the country more especially in the North and
North-east in particular. Also, government should intensify more effort in
fighting against corruption and this can be done through good legislation and
stiff penalties for those found wanting.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Nigeria is a
West African country with more than 250 ethnic groups and with an estimated
population of about 170,123,740, according to the 2006 census (Akinjide 2013).
It is by far the most populated country in the whole of Africa. Although
Nigeria’s GDP per capita has been increased through the course of time in
nominal US dollar terms, many Nigerians, unfortunately, are still living in
abject poverty in spite of huge amount of human and material resources. The
average income per capita does not give the real picture due to the high income
inequality in the country. However, since Nigeria got her independence from
Britain in 1960, the country’s political structural arrangement has been under
one central government. This was to maintain some degree of independence and
interdependence and as well as create supremacy authority centrally while
component states retain a considerable amount of semi autonomy.
Consequently,
under this arrangement, the level of interaction between individual ethnic
groups, cultures, traditions, religions from different backgrounds was not easy
thereby translated into ethnic and political misunderstanding, mistrust,
dominations, conflicts and crises as one may not be considerate with one another.
As a result, there are fear, suspicions, intolerance, grieves and greed
domination among most communities in the country and especially in the North
which has so many ethnic minorities.
Furthermore,
it also created fear of not getting one’s fair share of scarce commodities
(Daily Times, 1984). However, in an attempt to bring this over 250 groups of
people under Federal state system, it created more problems than solving due to
fear of deprivation
The North
occupies about 70% of the land mass of the country; it also has the highest
infant and maternal mortality rates in the country (World Bank 2001).
Similarly, it has the lowest rate of child enrolment in schools, highest number
of unemployed young people in the country, highest levels of poverty as
compared to the other parts of the country. Consequently, the region is faced
with challenges of security of lives and property and has remained a major
issue today. These problems include inter-ethic and interreligious conflict,
insurgency and terrorism such as the Boko-Haram among others. According to
Temple, (2013), the indices that measure human development are by far poorer in
the 19 northern states of Nigeria compared with the rest of the country ranging
from the girl-child education to the Almajiri system, from women empowerment to
the economic viability of states, from an immediate marshal planlike attempt
at addressing the areas in conflict to how to create cooperation between states
and groups. He further concluded that as a result of the above, the region was
faced with the worst security challenges since independence.
Similarly,
other security challenges facing the region include armed robbery and
kidnapping, apart from insurgency and terrorism that have spread across the
region like a wild fire across the polity, which seriously needs to be given
adequate attention by the Government at all levels as pointed out by Salawu
(2010). Kidnapping is still young in the north, but is fast developing and
penetrating almost every area in the region. Kidnapping means taking a person
away against the person’s will, usually for the purpose of ransom. Today,
people are getting kidnapped almost on a daily basis across the region, through
so many criminal and terrorist activities (Innocent, 2012).
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