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IMPACT OF
UNEMPLOYMENT ON THE ECONOMY OF NIGERIA (1970-2010)
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Unemployment
is generally agreed to be symptom of macro-
economic
illness which couldinVolu“bentary”“volunta.Whe is said voluntary I mean a
condition where somebody chooses not to
work because
they have a means of support other than employment example is the idle rich
man. On the other hand involuntary unemployment exists when persons are willing
to work at the prevailing rate of pay but unable to find work. (Anyanwu 1995).
Balogun, ed
et el (2003) also defined unemployed as the percentage of the percentage of the
labour force that is without job, but is able and willing to work. In Nigeria
however the ability and willingness to work is not sufficient. It is necessary
for the unemployment to be registered with an employment bureau in order to be
recognized as unemployed. Yet, from an economic viewpoint,
2
the
unregistered unemployed are part of the labour force and are, therefore,
technically unemployed. In Nigeria, unemployment data are obtained through
labour force sample surveys which ask if the respondent has worked in the week
preceding the survey. However, the international labour organization (ILO),
realizing the shortcomings of the labour survey as it affects developing
economies, such as Nigeria, with a large informal sector, has encouraged a
review of the methodology to incorporate further disaggregation of respondent
responses to bring out the true rate of unemployment.
In order to
establish the type of unemployment existing in an
economy, economists
have lsiid uepomn
saoa‟srcua‟
r ylcl.
1.
Frictional Unemployment occurs when people are temporarily
out of
work because they
are changing jobs.
This is
3
unavoidable
in an economy in which both the labour force and
the jobs on
offer are continually changing.
2. Seasonal unemployment is said to occur in a
situation in which people are laid off seasonally, due to the nature of the job
they do, e.gagriculture workers in developing countries may be laid off during
the growing season.
3. Structural unemployment is the unemployment
that exists when an economy is in full employment. Structural unemployment
occurs where employment in one or more declining industries is falling.
It is as
result of movement in the natural employment rate itself, which can result from
changes in labour market institutions, demographic shifts etc. this situation
is brought about by economic variables, such as the level of aggregate demand
and the actual and/or expected real wage rate.
4
4. Cyclical unemployment occurs as result of
fluctuations around the natural employment rate, which can be attributed to
changes in aggregate demand.
Industrial
relations refer to the process of conflict resolution, such as collective
bargaining, between employers and employees in the course of fulfilling an
employment contact. It could be achieved either by conquest (when one party
overwhelms the other), or by mutual consent. The latter, preferred outcome is
likely to result from collective bargaining. Continuous industrial harmony is,
therefore, often the result of positive industrial relations.
In Nigeria,
unemployment is regarded as one of the most challenging economics problem
facing the federal government. Although, there are variations in the measurement
of unemployment, official estimates show their results as follows: from
1985-2003, the data shows a highly fluctuation trend from
5
both the
urban and rural sectors of the economy. From the data, the 1985 figure shows
the percentage of the national urban and rural unemployment as follows:
national 6.10%, urban 9.8%m rural 5.2%and in year figure is as follows:
national 3% urban 3.8% rural 2.7 %( CBN 2004).
The rising
rate of the population of the country which is faster than the job
opportunities, a situation in which birth rate is rising, death rate falling
and the population growth rate is between 2.5% and 3% unemployment is bound to
exist. There had been also a total neglect of the agricultural sectors and
consequent mass exodus of able bodied youths from the rural to urban areas in
search of the none existing while cooler jobs.
This further
reduces employment in agriculture and puts pressure on existing urban jobs
(Anyanwu 1995)
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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Unemployment
has reached a very alarming proportion in Nigeria, with a greater number of the
unemployment being primary and secondary school learners and university
graduates. This situation has recently been compounded by the increasing
unemployment of professionals such as bankers, engineers and doctors. The toll
is within the productive segment of the Nigeria population (Vision 2010).
The extent
of unemployment in Nigeria in is not justified by the available financial
statistics phenomenon. This is because of the nature of unemployment in the
country where many job seekers do not see the need for registration as
unemployed due to expression of futility in such exercise. This harnesses the
sharp disparity between the official statistics on the phenomenon and the
reality on ground (Bello 2003). Disguised unemployment otherwise known as
concealed
7
unemployment
is a situation in which more people are available for work than is shown in the
unemployment statistics (Bannock et el 1998)
The problem
of disguised unemployment is quite acute in Nigeria. This explains why official
unemployment statistics sharply differs from the true state of employed or
unofficial statistic available. The recorded figure unemployment significantly
understates the number of people who are actually willing to work at the
existing set of wage rate. Consequently, the unemployment figure in Nigeria is
obtained through labour force sample survey, by asking if the person has worked
in the past week preceding the survey.
Obviously,
because even a graduate whohawks around respond yes to the question, the
unemployment rate will always be very low.
8
Unemployment
is a situation of a labour not having enough paid work or not doing work that
makes full use of his skills and ability. It can be measured by the numbers of
hours worked per week.
Generally in
Nigeria, the official period of working time per week is forty hours which
manyworkers fall short of due to non – availability of work. In some instance
available work is rationed especially among the low skilled and casual labours
in the formal sector tends to be worse (Bello 2003) therefore the major problem
we have in Nigeria is the distinguished unemployment form. The official figures
of the rate of unemployment form.
December1998,
a total of 66.3% of male and 62.0% of female unemployment were recorded at the
urban centres while rural centreshad an estimate of 47.1% and 45%male and
female job seekers respectively. As at December 1999, school levers
9
unemployment
rate had raised to 67.0% for males and 68.8% for females in the urban centres
while the rural centres was as high as 59.1 and 55.7%. For male and female
respectively (Bello 2003).For polytechnic and university graduates, the figures
shows relatively low unemployment rate as compared to the school leavers
experience. For instance, during the period under investigation a peak of 14.0%
rate of unemployment was recorded for polytechnic female graduate in 1998 which
the male graduate records had its peak in 1999 with 15.0% point in urban areas
(Bello 2003). The graduate unemployment rate in the urban centres had 8.5 per
cent record high in September 1999 for males and 4.5%in June 1999for female
during the periods (Bello 2003).
Many people
are frustrated by lack of unemployment opportunities they include these without
work and those who have
jobs but
want to work
longer hours or
more intensively. A
10
considerable
size of utilized and underutilized labour abounds in Nigeria and which ought to
be brought into the circle. These shows that iei‟employment problem has become
chronic and should be a matter of utmost national concern.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
From the
above discussions the research question is:
Has
unemployment had any impact on Nigeria economy?
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The
objectives that will guide this study are as follows;
1. To determine the relationship between
unemployment and economic growth in Nigeria.
2. To ascertain the magnitude of this
relationship.
3. To make policy recommendations based on the
finding.
11
1.5 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
The
hypothesis that would guide this work is as follows;
1. H0: Unemployment has no significant impact
on economic growth in Nigeria.
2. H1: Unemployment has no significant impact on
the economic growth in Nigeria.
1.6 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
One of the
macroeconomics goals of any country is the actualization of full employment.
Therefore, unemployment in any system is seen as a policy failure and there is
always concerted effort on the part of the government in checkmating the impact
of unemployment in an economy. The study of unemployment is important to the
policy makers, politicians, and student of economics.
12
To the
policy makers ascertaining the rate of unemployment, in an economy to the
desired height, the policy maker with the knowledge of the state of
unemployment in the system stands the best chance of controlling it through
appropriate initiative like poverty eradication programmes and creation of
employment opportunities that touches the lives of the population.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The
limitation of this research were much and varying.
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